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. 2023 Dec 23;16(1):30. doi: 10.3390/v16010030

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Vertical transmission of HLVd via hemp seeds. (A) Schematic diagram illustrating procedures for testing seed transmission. HLVd-infected hemp females crossed with pollen from healthy male hemp (T1), and healthy females crossed with HLVd-infected pollen (T2). Newly emerging plants were RT-PCR tested for HLVd. (B) Percentage of HLVd-positive plants emerged from 300 seeds in each treatment and a total of 100 seeds for the control (C.). Results were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc HSD test. Values are the mean of three independent replicates (100 seeds/replicate) and vertical bars are the standard error means. Asterisks (** and *) denote significance between treatments and untreated control at p = 0.05. ns: not significant.