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. 2024 Jan 12;14(2):177. doi: 10.3390/nano14020177

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) HRTEM image. (b) Magnified HRTEM image: the dotted square is further magnified on the top right to show carbon-coating shell thickness, labeled with two arrows. Dotted circle is further magnified in (c) to show (022) plane lattice fringes. (d) Particle diameter distribution of the Fe₃O₄@C NPs obtained from the HRTEM images and the log-normal function fitting curve. (e) HAADF-STEM image of the Fe₃O₄@C NPs and elemental mapping of (f) Fe (red), (g) C (green), (h) O (blue), and (i) merged elements. (j) Zeta potential curve in the aqueous solution. (k) XRD patterns of the Fe₃O₄ and Fe₃O₄@C NPs: all XRD peaks (indicated with vertical dotted lines) were assigned based on (hkl) Miller indices matching FCC Fe₃O₄. The broad peak at 2θ = ~21° (labeled as *) for the Fe₃O₄@C NPs is due to amorphous carbon.