Table 3.

Examples of assisted delivery techniques for introducing nanoparticles into plants.

Method	NPs	Size (nm)	Plants	Target	Ref.
Biolistic (gene gun)	Ag	100	Nicotiana tabacum	Leaf explants	[94]
	Au	712 ± 95	Nicotiana benthamiana	Leaf explants	[106]
	Au-MSN	600	Nicotiana tabacum, Teosinte	Leaf explants	[111]
	Au-MSN	600	Zea mays	Embryos	[103]
	Fe	255 ± 170	Nicotiana benthamiana	Leaf explants	[106]
Sonoporation	hPAMAM-G2	123 ± 21	Medicago sativa	Cells	[112]
	PEI-MSN	100 ± 87	Nicotiana tabacum	Cells	[96]
Magnetic field	γ-Fe2O3	21.2 ± 3	Zea mays	Roots	[113]
	Carbon-coated iron	10–50	Cucurbita pepo	Roots	[114]
	Fe2O3	10	Solanum lycopersicum	Roots	[115]
	Fe3O4	13	Hordeum vulgare	Roots	[116]
Electroporation	CPNs	60–80	Tobacco	Protoplasts	[105]
Microinjection	mGNPs	20–30	Brassica napus	Cells	[117]
	SWNTs	500	Nicotiana tabacum	Cells	[118]