Table 8.

Application of several detection methods for particle transport studies.

Detection Method	Detected NPs	Size (nm)	Plants	Introduction Site	Ref.
TEM	Ag	7 and 18	Medicago sativa	Roots	[171]
	Ag	10	Arabidopsis thaliana	Roots	[169]
	Au	3.5 and 18	Nicotiana xanthi	Roots	[56]
	CeO2	6.6 ± 1; 25.2 ± 2	Cucumis sativus	Roots	[63]
	MgO	27.7	Watermelon	Leaves	[172]
	SiO2	30	Cotton	Roots	[173]
	TiO2	24.5	Watermelon	Leaves	[172]
	TiO2	27 ± 4	Cucumis sativus	Roots	[68]
	ZnO	20	Ryegrass	Roots	[174]
	ZnO	30 ± 5	Zea mays	Roots	[175]
SEM	α-Fe2O3	14	Hordeum vulgare	Roots	[168]
	Ag@CoFe2O4	10	Triticum aestivum	Roots	[176]
	Ag2S	35	Cucumis sativus, Triticum aestivum	Roots	[177]
	CeO2	15.5	Raphanus sativus	Roots	[178]
	Fe3O4	12–20	Lactuca sativa	Roots	[179]
	MgO	15–20	Arachis hypogaea	Roots	[180]
	TiO2	19	Oryza sativa	Roots	[159]
	TiO2	12–20	Lactuca sativa	Roots	[179]
ICP-MS	Ag	10	Arabidopsis thaliana	Roots	[169]
	Ag	7.6 ± 2	Oryza sativa	Roots	[181]
	Au	2	Oryza sativa	Roots	[55]
	CeO2	30	Solanum lycopersicum, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Glycine max	Roots	[182]
	CeO2	30	Raphanus sativus	Roots	[183]
	CuO	25	Raphanus sativus	Roots	[183]
	La2O3	20–30	Pfaffia glomerata	Roots	[184]
	TiO2	30	Raphanus sativus	Roots	[185]
CLSM	CeO2	1.7–18	Gossypium hirsutum, Zea mays	Leaves	[186]
	MSNs	20	Lupin, wheat, maize	Roots	[163]
	QD	10	Arabidopsis thaliana	Leaves	[187]
	SiO2	1.7–18	Gossypium hirsutum, Zea mays	Leaves	[186]
	ZnO	30	Triticum aestivum	Leaves	[188]
XRF	Au	13.4 ± 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	Roots	[189]
	CeO2	12 ± 3	Triticum aestivum	Roots	[190]
	CeO2	4	Zea mays, Lactuca sativa, Solanum lycopersicum, Oryza sativa	Roots	[190]
	CuO	30.7 ± 4	Oryza sativa	Roots	[191]
	SiO2	10	Solanum lycopersicum	Roots	[33]
	TiO2	14 and 25	Brassica napus, Triticum aestivum	Roots	[192]
	TiO2	5–10	Salvinia natans	Roots	[193]
	TiO2	30	Pisum sativum	Roots	[194]
	TiO2	14	Oryza sativa	Roots	[195]
	ZnO	24.5 ± 4	Oryza sativa	Roots	[191]
Flo-Lum	Ag	35 ± 15	Stevia rebaudiana	Roots	[170]
	CdSe/ZnS QD	6.3 ± 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	Roots	[196]
	CeO2	8 ± 1	Zea mays	Roots	[197]
	TiO2	8	Spirodela polyrrhiza	Roots	[198]
	TiO2	2.8 ± 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	Roots	[199]