Table 1.

Most clinically relevant BF-producing bacteria and related infections.

Device-associated	Type of Device	Typical Bacterial Species	Infection	Ref.
	Contact lenses	E. coli P. aeruginosa S. aureus S. epidermidis Candida spp. Serratia spp. Proteus spp.	Keratitis	[56,57,58]
	Central venous catheters	P. aeruginosa Enterobacteriaceae Klebsiella spp.	Bacteremia	[57,58,59,60]
	Mechanical heart valves	Streptococci S. aureus S. epidermidis Bacillus spp. Enterococci Candida spp.	PVE	[56,57,58]
	Peritoneal dialysis catheters	Staphylococci P. aeruginosa E. coli	CESI TI PI	[61]
	Prosthetic joints	S. aureus CN Staphylococci Propionibacterium spp. Enterococcus spp. Gram-negative bacilli Beta-hemolytic streptococci	PPI	[62]
	Pacemakers	S. aureus CN S. aureus E. coli K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa A. baumannii	Endocarditis	[63]
	Urinary catheters	E. coli Enterococcus faecalis S. epidermidis P. aeruginosa Proteus mirabilis K. pneumoniae	UTI	[57,58,64,65]
	Voice prostheses	Streptococcus mitis Streptococcus sobrinus S. aureus P. aeruginosa	TTI	[66]
Non-device-associated	N.E.	P. aerobicus Fusobacterium nucleatum	Periodontitis	[67,68,69]
		Different Bacteria Fungi	Osteomyelitis	[70]
		Haemophilus influenzae S. pneumoniae	Otitis media	[71]
		Fusobacterium Streptococcus Veillonella Actinomyces Prevotella Porphyromonas Neisseria Eubacteria Treponema Lactobacterium Haemophilus Eikenella Capnocytophaga Peptostreptococcus Leptotrichia Propionibacterium Staphylococcus	Dental plaque
		Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) K. pneumoniae E. faecalis	UTI
		P. aeruginosa	Cystic fibrosis
		Viridans group Streptococci Staphylococcus spp.	Infective endocarditis
		Group A Streptococci	Tonsillitis
		Group A Streptococci	Necrotizing fasciitis
		Gram-negative bacilli	Infection kidney stone

UTI = Urinary tract infections; PVE = Prosthetic valve endocarditis; CESI = catheter exit site infections; TI = tunnel infections; PI = peritoneum infections; PPI = peri-prosthetic infection; CN = Coagulase-negative; TTI = tracheoesophageal tract infection.