Table 2.
EDCs and NAFLD development in human population.
| Study | Authors | EDCs | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cross-sectional cohort study | McCabe et al. [18] | PCBs | Twenty PCBs positively associated with elevated ALT levels (p < 0.05) in 436 adults |
| Cross-sectional study | Ke et al. [19] | Dioxins | Risk of fatty liver significantly increased in adults with higher BMI and higher serum PCDD/Fs (OR = 27.00, 95% CI = 4.47–229.58) |
| Cross-sectional study | Manikkam et al. [20] | PFAS | NASH significantly increased in 74 children, with increase in plasma concentrations of PFOS (OR: 3.32, 95% CI: 1.40–7.87), PFHxS (OR: 4.18, 95% CI: 1.64–10.7), and PFAS composite variable (OR: 4.89, 95% CI: 1.86–12.8). |
| Cross-sectional study | Ditzel et al. [21] | PFOA | Obesity and pathologies following DDT-induced epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of disease in 2216 adults |
| Cross-sectional study | Maranghi et al. [22] | BPA | Higher serum levels of BPA associated with higher grades of hepatic steatosis and AST, ALT, and GGT (p < 0.05) in women |
| Cross-sectional study | Boverhof et al. [23] | Phthalates | Correlations found between MEP concentration in urine and TAG serum levels (r2 = 0.33; p < 0.01), VAI (r2 = 0.41; p < 0.01), LAP (r2 = 0.32; p < 0.01), and TAG-to-HDL ratio (r2 = 0.40, p < 0.01) among 102 obese males |
| Cross-sectional study | Lei et al., 2021 [24] | 3 EDCs metabolites (As, DiNP and PFOA) | In 5073 American adults the 3 EDCs metabolites significantly associated with MAFLD. ORs: 1.819 (95% CI: 1.224, 2.702), 1.959 (95% CI: 1.224, 3.136) and 2.148 (95% CI: 1.036, 4.456), respectively |
| Longitudinal population-based cohort studies | Midya et al., 2022 [25] | 5 polychlorinated biphenyls, 2 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 3 phenols, 4 parabens, 10 phthalates, 4 organophosphate pesticides, 5 perfluoroalkyl substances, and 9 metals. | A total of 1108 children, 253 of which (22.8%) classified as at high risk for liver injury. Increased ORs of liver injury per exposure-mixture quartile: 1.44 (95% CrI, 1.21–1.71) for organochlorine pesticides; 1.57 (95% CrI, 1.34–1.84) for PBDEs; 1.73 (95% CrI, 1.45–2.09) for PFAS; 2.21 (95% CrI, 1.65–3.02) for metals. Decreased ORs of liver injury associated with high-molecular-weight phthalates and phenols: 0.74 (95% CrI, 0.60–0.91) and 0.66 (95% CrI, 0.54–0.78), respectively. |
ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; BPA: bisphenol A; CI: confidence interval; CrI: credible interval; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LAP: lipid accumulation product; MEHP: mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; MEP: monoethyl phthalate; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; OR: odds ratio; PCB: polychlorinated biphenyl; PCDD/Fs: polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans; PFAS: perfluoroalkyl substances PFHxS: perfluorohexane sulfonic acid;; PFOA: perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS: perfluorooctane sulfonate; TAG: triacylglyceride VAI: visceral adiposity index.