Table 1.
Application of DESs as extraction solvents of bioactive compounds from natural sources in the year 2023.
| Best DES(s) (Molar Ratio) | Natural Source | Target Compound | Extraction Technique(s) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ChCl:PG (1:2) | Wolfberry | Rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) pectin | CE | [174] |
| LA:water | Vine shoots | Phytochemicals (proanthocyanins, stilbenes, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonols) |
UAE/CE | [184] |
| ChChl:MA (1:1) ChChl:GLY (1:2) |
Orange | Bioactive compounds and ascorbic acid | CE | [185] |
| LA:GLY (1:2) | Evodia lepta | Alkaloids | MAE | [188] |
| ChChl:EG (1:3) | Abalone viscera | Polysaccharides | UAE | [193] |
| TET: LAU (1:1) | Lycium barbarum | Polysaccharides | UAE | [189] |
| Terpenoid-based | Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Bioactive oxidants | UAE | [176] |
| CAM:GLY (1:1) | Micromelum minutum | Polysaccharides | CE | [194] |
| ChChl:GLY (1:2) ChCl:LAC (1:3) ChCl:CA (1:1). |
Apple | Bioactive compounds | UAE | [164] |
| BetHCl:EG (1:10) | Kiwifruits | Antioxidants | CE | [162] |
| [N4444]Cl:AA (1:1). | --- | Aromatic amino acids | --- | [190] |
| TEA:4-MP (1:1) | Orange | Hesperidin | UAE | [169] |
| ChCl-ACA (1:2) | Peanut | Flavonoids | UAE | [178] |
| BET-LAC | Astragalus-Safflower | hydroxysafflor yellow A, anhydrosafflor yellow B, eleutheroside B, calycosin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, ononin, calycosin, astraganoside, carthamin |
UAE | [181] |
| LACT: NAACE:H2O (3:1:2) ChCl:OA (1:1) |
Blueberry | Phenolic compounds | UAE | [172] |
| ChCl:ACE (1:4) | Erigerontis Herb | Scutellarin | UAE | [166] |
| ChCl:CA (1:1) | Curcuma longa | Curcuminoids | MAE | [191] |
| BET:GLY (1:3) | Kale | Polyphenols | Solid/Liquid | [160] |
| BET:MA:PRO (1:1:1) | Propolis | Bioactive compounds | UAE | [195] |
| ChCl:Gly (1:2) ChCl:URE(1:2) |
Rhamnus alaternus | Polyphenols | CE | [179] |
| ChCl:EG(1:2) | Sophora japonica L. | Rutin | CE | [187] |
| BENZAC:FEN (1:4) | Artemisia annua L. | Artemisinin | CE | [187] |
| β-ALA:MA:H2O (1:1:3) | Mango | Phenolic compounds | CE/ UAE |
[171] |
| CA:MA:H2O (1:1:10) | Persimmon | Fibers/Antioxidants | UAE | [196] |
| ChCl:GLY (1:1) | Avocado | Phenolics/Carbohydrates | MAE | [197] |
| ChCl:GLY (1:2) | Kiwifruits | Polyphenols | UAE | [182] |
| ChCl:GLY (1:2) | Spice | Polyphenols | UAE | [198] |
| ChCl:ACA (1:4) | Tarragon | Bioactive compounds | CE | [199] |
| LAC:GLY (1:2) | Foxtail millet Husk | Bioactive compounds | UAE | [173] |
| ChCl:GLY (1:1) | Violet Potato | Bioactive compounds | UAE/MAE | [180] |
| BET:TEG (1:2) ChCl:PROP (1:2) |
Coffee ground | Polyphenols | CE | [165] |
| BET: FRU (1:1) | Dark Chocolate | Bioactive compounds | UAE | [167] |
| ACA:GLU (2:1) ACA:GLY (2:1) |
Tea | Tannins/Flavonoids/Terpenoids | UAE/EAE | [183] |
| MEN:LID (1:1) |
Perna
canaliculus |
Omega-3 | CE | [129] |
| DDBAC:LA (1:3) | Gardenia | Bioactive Compounds | CE | [200] |
| [N1 1 16 (2OH)+][Br−]:THY (1:2) | Cannabis sativa L. | Phytochemicals | Microextraction | [161] |
| ChCl:BUT (1:4) | C. vulgaris | Bioactive compounds | CE | [168] |
| ChCl:MA (1:1) ChCl:LAC (1:3) |
Aralia elata | Triterpene Saponins |
CE | [201] |
| CA:GLY:H2O (1:4:10/15/20) | Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. | Bioactive compounds | UAE | [202] |
| CA:MAL (1:2) | Nettle | Bioactive Compounds | UAE | [203] |
| ChCl:LAC (1:1) | Iris sibirica L. | Bioactive compounds | CE | [204] |
| ChCl:LAC (1:2) | Edible Feijoa | Flavonoids | CE | [205] |
| ChCl:LAC (1:4) | Mexican Oregano | Flavonoids | UAE | [206] |
| ChCl-PHE (1:3) | Hop | Polyphenols | CE/UAE/UHE | [207] |
| ChCl:GLU (1:0.8) | Capsicum chinense | Polyphenols | UAE | [170] |
| ChCl:LAC (1:1) | Glycyrrhiza glabra | Glycyrrhizic acid | MAE | [170] |
| ChCl:MA (1:2) ChCl:CA (1:2) ChCl:4BUT (1:2) |
Fenugreek | Flavonoids | UAE | [208] |
| ChCl:LAC (1:2) | black mulberry | Flavonoids/Phenolics | UAE | [177] |
| ChCl:4BUT (1:2) | Tea | Flavonoids/Alkaloids/Catechins | MCAE | [192] |
| ChCl:LAC (3:1) | Phaeophyceae | Phlorotannins | UAE | [209] |