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. 2023 Dec 22;12(1):15. doi: 10.3390/vaccines12010015

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Re-stimulation of COVARNA-specific T-cells with SARS-CoV-2 peptides. A mix of overlapping peptides covering the S1 protein from the SARS-CoV-2 virus was added to the co-cultures 12 h before collecting the medium. Analysis of (A) IFNγ and (B) IL-2 secretion after re-stimulation with the S1 peptide mix in non-infected (naïve) individuals (−), infected-recovered (convalescent) individuals (+), and individuals vaccinated with two shots of mRNA vaccine (V). Values in the graphs are mean ± SD. The peptide stimulated and the non-stimulated conditions were compared using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank-test (ns: not significant).