Table 1.

Clinical implications and effects of ketamine.

	Effects of Ketamine
Anesthesia	In adult patients	in adult patients with cardiorespiratory disorders for general anesthesia (induction dose 0.5–2 mg/kg, maintenance dose 1–2 mg/kg/min [32,33]
	In pediatric patients	in pediatric anesthesia for local and regional procedures (doses ranging from 5 to 25 mg/kg/min) [34,35,36]
Analgesia	perioperatively (i.v. 0.5 mg/kg) [37,38,39,40] for postoperative analgesia (i.v. bolus ranging from 0.25 to 0.5 mg/kg, followed by 50–500 μg/kg/h) [41] pain management in emergency departments (i.v. bolus 0.2–0.3 mg/kg over 10 min, followed by i.v. 0.1–0.3 mg/kg/h) [42] for chronic pain (low doses 0.1–0.5 mg/kg) [43,44]
Sedation	In adult patients	in emergency department and open clinic procedures [45,46]
	In pediatric patients	intranasally in combination with propofol benzodiazepine and midazolam (0.5–9 mg/kg) [45,47,48]
Depression	in major depressive disorder [49,50,51,52,53]
Bipolar affective disorder	in patients with bipolar depression sublingually [54]
Asthma	acute asthma attacks [55] statis asthmaticus (0.1–0.2 mg/kg followed by 0.15–2.5 mg/kg/h) [56]
Epilepsy	in status epilepticus in adult and pediatric patients [57,58]
Treatment of alcohol and heroin addiction	in heroin and alcohol addicts (high dose of 2.0 mg/kg) [59,60]