Table 2.

Adverse effects of ketamine.

	Adverse Effects of Ketamine
Central nervous system	Dizziness [17] Blurred vision [17] Altered hearing [17] Nausea and vomiting [17] Vivid dreams, hallucinations [17] Higher likelihood of depression relapse in patients with repeated intravenous doses [86] Psychotic behavior, schizophrenia-like symptoms [114] Cognitive abnormalities [114] Effects similar to aging processes and Alzheimer’s disease due neuroapoptotic effects of long-term use [120,121,122] Impaired short-term and long-term memory, visual recognition, spatial working memory [125,126,127]
Cardiovascular system	Ventricular myocardial apoptosis and fibrosis [134] Cardiac arrhythmia [134] Arterial hypertension [17]
Respiratory system	Airway obstruction in pediatric patients, due to laryngospasm because of heightened salivation [132,133] Heightened pulmonary vascular resistance [66,67]
Urinary system,	Urinary frequency [116,117,118,119,120] Dysuria [116,117,118,119,120] Hematuria [116,117,118,119,120] Ulcerative cystitis [116,117,118,119,120]
Digestive system	Increase in liver enzymes with repeated use [135,136] Intense abdominal pain [136,137] Dilation of the bile ducts [137]
Eye	Bilateral corneal edema [138]