. 2024 Jan 12;12:1331565. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1331565

Table 3.

Baseline regression results.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
	HC	HC	HC	HC	HC
DE	0.632^*** (0.116)	0.511^*** (0.112)	0.566^*** (0.166)	0.684^*** (0.126)	0.671^*** (0.140)
	0.632^*** (0.116)	0.511^*** (0.112)	0.566^*** (0.166)	0.684^*** (0.126)	0.671^*** (0.140)
GDP		0.566^*** (0.192)	0.725^*** (0.204)	−0.114^* (0.064)	−0.109 0.083
		0.566^*** (0.192)	0.725^*** (0.204)	−0.114^* (0.064)	−0.109 0.083
OPEN		−0.401 (0.465)	−0.310 (0.469)	0.011 (0.116)	0.013 (0.126)
		−0.401 (0.465)	−0.310 (0.469)	0.011 (0.116)	0.013 (0.126)
PAT		−0.081^*** (0.021)	−0.079^*** (0.016)	0.004 (0.010)	0.004 (0.011)
		−0.081^*** (0.021)	−0.079^*** (0.016)	0.004 (0.010)	0.004 (0.011)
POP		0.029^* (0.015)	0.025 (0.015)	0.183^*** (0.026)	0.175^*** (0.031)
		0.029^* (0.015)	0.025 (0.015)	0.183^*** (0.026)	0.175^*** (0.031)
POP²		−0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	−0.000^** (0.000)	−0.000^** (0.000)
		−0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	−0.000^** (0.000)	−0.000^** (0.000)
URB		4.098^*** (1.236)	4.671^*** (1.410)	−1.798 (1.513)	−1.798 (1.568)
		4.098^*** (1.236)	4.671^*** (1.410)	−1.798 (1.513)	−1.798 (1.568)
Constant	3.174^*** (0.419)	−0.776 (0.793)	−1.619^* (0.945)	2.283 (1.440)	2.283 (1.675)
	3.174^*** (0.419)	−0.776 (0.793)	−1.619^* (0.945)	2.283 (1.440)	2.283 (1.675)
Year F. E.	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Province F. E.	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Observations	300	300	300	300	300
R²	0.914	0.469	0.563	0.917	0.925

(Robust) Standard errors are shown in parentheses, ^*, ^**, and ^*** stand for statistical significance at the 0.1, 0.05, and 0.01 significance levels, respectively.