Table 2.

Opinions of authors over time regarding health effects linked to RF-EMF exposures (Pertinent phrases are in bold - our emphasis).

Author	Early conclusions/statements	Recent conclusions/statements
Belyaev	…at present there is no experimental evidence for the mutagenicity of millimeter waves at non-thermal level. At first sight, with the presence of epigenetic effects of resonant EHF EMR, this seems to be paradoxical [(65), p. 17].	MMW inhibited repair of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation at specific frequencies and polarizations. To what extend the 5G technology and the Internet of Things will affect the biota and human health is definitely not known. However, based on possible fundamental role of MMW in regulation of homeostasis and almost complete absence of MMW in atmosphere … the health effects of chronic MMW exposures may be more significant than for any other frequency range [(19), p. 111].
Hardell	Somewhat increased risks were found for amateur radio operators (OR 2.2; CI 0.7–6.6), work with radar equipment (OR 2.0; CI 0.3–14.2) and engineers in electronics and telecommunication industry (OR 2.3; CI 0.8–6.7) based on few exposed subjects, however. Video display unit work gave OR 1.5; CI 0.98–2.3 and for exposure 480 working days (median number) the risk increased further to OR 1.8; CI 1.1–3.2. Because of low numbers of exposed subjects in some calculations some of these results might be spurious and need to be further studied [(66), p. 1,299].	These now presented symptoms of the microwave syndrome were caused by non-thermal effects from RF radiation and highlight that the ICNIRP guidelines used in most countries including Sweden do not protect human health. Guidelines based on all biological negative effects from RF radiation are urgently needed, as well as monitoring human health, not the least due to rapidly increasing levels of exposure [(48), p. 1,112].
Wood	… The average frequency from Fourier spectra of these periods showed significant alteration in one category only: PW [Pulsed Wave] exposure of activated cells. Conclusions: There is no clear indication that RF emissions from mobile phones are associated with any changes in calcium levels or calcium signaling in lymphocytes [(67), p. 1,207]. The results suggest that MP exposure may affect neural activity, particularly in proximity to the phone, however caution should be applied due to the small sample size [(68), p. 171].	Overall, the results of this study do not confirm an association between low-level MMWs and biological effects [(57), p. 606].
Foster	The limited number of technology-specific bioeffects studies done to date are very mixed in terms of quality and outcome. Unequivocally, the RF exposures from Wi-Fi and wireless networks are far below U.S. and international exposure limits for RF energy. While several studies report biological effects due to Wi-Fi-type exposures, technical limitations prevent drawing conclusions from them about possible health risks of the technology [(69), p. 561].	When exposure levels are maintained below current exposure limits, neither health agencies nor guideline/standards setting organizations have identified hazards from exposure to millimeter waves or RF signals in lower frequency bands used in previous generation technologies….while we acknowledge gaps in the scientific literature, particularly for exposures at millimeter wave frequencies, the likelihood of yet unknown health hazards at exposure levels within current exposure limits is considered to be very low, if they exist at all [(54), p. 244].
Simkó	In conclusion, our results demonstrate that RF-EMF exposure of human monocytes and lymphocytes, using different RF signals and exposure times, does not have any activating capacity to induce ROS release [after 30 or 45 min exposures] or Hsp70 expression [after 1 h exposures; (70), p. 61].	A recent careful assessment of the scientific literature related to 5G NR transmissions does not raise alarms about possible health risks—even as it points to limitations in the current scientific data (71) [(58), p. 724, 775].