Table 2.
General description of Associated Factors of self-medication among worldwide pregnant women
| References | Year of publication | Country | Mean age ( Years) | Educational level( years of education) | Employement status | Residence | Scoicio Economics | Gravidity | Type of drugs | llness OTC used for | Source of recommendation | Reason of use | Religin | Ethnicity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atif | 2018 | Pakistan |
18–26 13.6% 27–3554.5% > 35 31.8% |
Illiterate 43.3% Primary 36.2% Secondary / Higher 20.5% | Housewife 95.2% Working 4.8% | Urban 34.5% Rural 43% Semi—urban 22.5% | Low 57.3% Middle 41.6% Upper 1.1% | Primigravida 21.9% Multigravida 67.2% Grand multigravida 10.8% | Acetaminophen + Aspirin 43.6% Acetaminophen + ibuprofen 18% Multiple drugs 12% / Ibuprofen15% / Multivitamins/Iron 3.8% Acetaminophen + Antacids 2.3% Aspirin 1.5% / Antibiotics 1.5% / Castor oil 0.8% / Unknown drugs 0.8% | Headache 60.2%Multiple complains 19.5% Headache + Backache 10.5% Fever 2.3% Headache + heartburn 2.3% Weakness 2.3% Constipation 0.8% Cough 0.8% Common cold 0.8% Suicide attempt 0.8% | Yourself 73.7% Yourself and husband 13.5% Pharmacist / drug store 11.3% Neighbors / Family members 1.5% | Better Disease knowledge 11.3% Attending health care is costly 31.6%. Easily Available 27.6% / timw saving 28.6% / Suicide Attempt 0.8% | NR | NR |
| Abasiubong | 2012 | Nigeria |
< 20 8.7% 20–29 44.6% 30–39 41.3% > 40 5.4% |
No formal education 9.9% Primary school 19.5% Secondary school 43.8% Post-secondary school 26.8% |
Full-time h/wife 14% Farming 10.4% Business 54.4% Civil servant 21.2% |
NR | NR | NR |
Sedatives (Lexotan, Valium, Phenobarb) 2.9% Analgesics (Pain relievers or killers) (30.3% Antibiotics (Septrin,Tetracycline, Ampicllin) 26.% Mixture native herbs and other drugs 9.1% Alcohol (P/wine, local liquor, beer, gin) 2.5% |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Abduelkarem | 2017 | United ArabEmirates |
15–20 (2.1%) 21–25 (25%) 26–30 (36.4%) 31–35 (20.7%) 36–40 (10%) 41–55 (5.7%) |
Primary/secondary school (7.1%) High school (25%) University or college (63.6%) Other (4.3%) |
Student (6.4%) Housewife (65.7%) Healthcare personnel (physician, nurse, or pharmacist) (8.6%) Employed in the non-healthcare sector (16.4%) Other (2.9%) |
Local (30%) Arab (nonlocal) (57.1%) Non-Arab (nonlocal) (12.9% |
NR | NR |
Folic acid (36.2%) Calcium (28.6%) Iron (35.1%) Others (8.4) Magnesium (1.4%) Multivitamins (2.1%) Panadol (55.1%) Ibuprofen (10.3%) Panadol All in One (Cold and Flu) (19.2%) Prospan or any cough syrup (14.1%) |
Cold and Flu | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Abeje | 2015 | Ethiopia |
15–19 5 20–34 97 35–42 26 |
Has not completed primary school(46%). Completed at-least primary school(54%) | None: 20%. Peasant agriculture, Small business, Other (80%) | Urban 64. rural: 64 |
100–800: 42 801–1000: 33 > 1000: 53 |
1:(46). > 1: (62) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Christian 98% Others 2% |
NR |
| Adanikin | 2016 | Nigeria |
20 5 (1.4) 21–30 172 (49.7) 31–40 167 (48.3) 41 2 (0.6) |
Primary (12.7%) Secondary (30.9%) Tertiary (56.45%) |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Asthma (0.9) Anorexia/Vomiting (8.7) Breathlessness (0.9) Cold/Flu (4.6) Cough (8.1) Dermatological disorders (0.9) Diabetes (0.6) Diarrhoea (1.7) Epilepsy 0 (0) Fatigue/Malaise (4.3) Haemorrhoids (2.3) Headache (16.2) Heartburn (3.5) Hypertension (2.3) Imminent miscarriage (1.2) Insomnia (1.7) Malaria fever (51.7) Nervousness (0.6) Constipation (0.6) Oedema 66 (19.1) Pains (3.8) Urinary tract infections (3.2) Vaginal infections (14.2) Other infections (1.2) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Afshary | 2015 | Iran |
Less than 25 Years 42% 25–30 years 38% More Than 30 years 20% Education Level Lower Than 30.2% |
Diploma 32.24% Being Educated in University 37.56% |
Housekeeper 71% Employed 29% |
NR | NR |
0 137.9) 1–2 186 (53.8) 3–4 27 (7.8) 5 2 (0.6) |
NR |
Digestive disorders (38.80%), disorders related to pregnancy (30.52%), genitourinary disorders (25.26%) respiratory problems (8.42 5), antibiotics (44.8) anemia (14.2%), skin problems (13.2%) and cold (8.1%) hypoglycemia (17.8%), treatment of anemia (5.1%) and treatment of renal disorder (5.1%) |
NR |
Convenient Access 5.2% Mild Disease 19.8% Pre-experience of the disease 49% Not taking serious the disease 4.2% Costly medical expenses 35.4% Lack of healthcare insurance 2.1% Lack of time 2.1% The drugat home 2.1% Experiencing good resultfromself-medication 15.6% Lackof faith indoctors practice 3.1% Harmlessherbs and medicinalplants 3.1% Inexpensive herbs and medicinal plants 0% herbs and medicinal plants 1% Using before pregnancy 1% Other 13.5% |
NR | NR |
| Seid Mussa Ahmed | 2020 | Ethiopia |
≤ 20 21.6% 21–25 34.3% 26–30 28.6% ≥ 31 15.3% |
Illiterate 31.0% Primary/read & write 39.0% Secondary school 18.3% Post-secondary school 11.0% |
Housewife 42.7%] Farmer 23.7% Trader/Merchant 17.0% Government employee 10.0% Others 6.7% |
Urban (54.7% Rural (45.3% |
NR |
Primigravida 13.7% Multigravida 41.3% |
Paracetamol 72.7% Diclofenac 11% Antipain medicine 8.7% Ibuprofen 3% Tramadol 0.7% Amoxicillin 5.7% Cloxacillin 0.3% Metronidazole 0.3% Antibacterial medicines 0.3% Antacid c 3.3% Omeprazole 0.3% Metoclopramide 0.3% Hyoscine butylbromide 0.3% Magnesium sulphate 0.3% Anthelminthic medicines c 1% Ferrous sulphate 0.3% Multivitamin Tablets 0.3% Hydralazine 0.3% Name forgotten Medicines 1% |
NR | NR | NR |
Islam 66% Orthodox Christian 29.3% Protestant/Others 4.7% |
Oromo 68.7% Amhara 9.0% Yem 8.7% Dawuro 5.0% Others 8.7% |
| Ake | 2021 | Nigeria |
18–23 1 31.5% 24–29 37.0% 30–35 25.6% > 35 5.9% |
No formal education 32.9% Primary 46.8% Secondary education 14.2% Higher education 6.1% |
House wife 62.7% Farmer 6.1% Private 10.6% Government employee 6.1% Merchant 9.8% Other c 4.7% |
Urban 46.0% Rural 54.0% |
income in ETB < 500 44.9% 501–1000 18.4% 1001–1500 10.3% 1501–2000 8.9% > 2000 17.5% |
NR |
Paracetamol 6.1% Amoxicillin 2.5% Otherf 2.5% |
Headache/fever/ pain 16.7% Gastritis(ant-acid) 4.5% Cough 3.6% Bacterial 1.4% Intestinal parasite 1.4%Othere 0.6% |
Relative 10% Neighbor 10% Myself 6.1% Pharmacist 4.7% Husband 4.2% Other health professionals 3.1% HEWs 1.1% Radio 0.8% Otherh 0.3% |
Lack of knowledge about medications danger 10.9% Prior experience 8.6% Save time 5.8% Save money 4.2% Medications easily available 5.0% Financial problem 2.5% Peer influence 1.1% No enough medications in the facility 1.1% Farness of health facility 1.1% |
Protestant 77.4% Orthodox 51(14.2) Muslim 5.9% Catholic 2.2% Other a 0.3% | Gedeo 66.0% Oromo 13.7% Amhara8.4% Gurage 2.2% Other b 9.7% |
| Alonso-Castro | 2018 | Mexico |
< 25 37.6% 25–34 43.9% > 35 18.5% |
Elementary and middle school 38.3% High school 18% College-postgraduate 73.7% |
NR | NR | NR | NR |
Allopathy 26.6% Paracetamol 42.8% Bonadoxin 8.2% Omeprazole 5.2% Ranitidine 2.1% Dimethicone 2.1% Phenazopyridine 2.5% Antibiotic 3% Sennosides 3.6% Plantago 3.6% Antihistamine 4.1% |
Nausea 27.9% Gastritis 14.7% Fatigue 11.7% Backache 8.1% Infection 12.2% Constipation 15.7% Migraine 22.6% Cold 20.8% Another symptom 20.1% |
Relative/friend 59.4% Own initiative 24.4% Health professional 9.1% High risk 22.3% No risk 77.7% |
Previous knowledge 32% Recommended 40.9% Lack of time/money 6.9% Fear of allopathy 6.1% Media 4.6% |
NR | NR |
| Alsous | 2020 | Jordan | 28.54 ± 8.37 |
Upper secondary school or less 37.7% Bachelor or diploma degree 59.0% Postgraduate degree 3.4% |
Unemployed 37.7% Employed at non-medical field 59.0% Employed at medical field 3.4% |
NR | NR |
None 16.2% 1–3 pregnancies 45.2% 4 or more pregnancies 38.6% |
Paracetamol 82.7% NSAIDs 2.8% Paracetamol and NSAIDs 2.8% Penicillin 6.9% Cephalosporin 6.5% Vitamins Multivitamins 30.9% Folic acid supplements 27.7% |
Headache and joint pain 85.5% Common cold 11.8% Nausea and vomiting 9.0% Urinary tract infection 5.3% Others 8.3% |
Knowledge from previous experience (61.8%) Advice from a physician (36.9%) Advice from a pharmacist (21.7%) Advice from a friend or a neighbor (5.8%) Social media (4.2%) Advice from a nurse (3.2%) |
Previous experience with the disease 47.7%) The simplicity of the disease (36.6%) Medicinal products are easy to be obtained (21.2%) Time saving (14.7%) Limited access to the physician (4.4%) Long distance to reach a health-care faciliTY (1.8%) Others (1.6%) |
NR | NR |
| Araujo | 2013 | Brazil |
10 to 19:20.5% > 20 79.5% |
< 8 years:26.9% > 8 years: 57% | NR | Metropolitan region 56.4%. Countryside 43.6% | < minimum wage 39.5%. > 1 + minimum wage 60.3% | 1 to children 76.9% > 3 children 23.1% | Antianemic preparation 96.2% Vitamins 21.85 analgesics 57.7 corticosteroids 2.6% antibacterials 28.2%, gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics. 25.6% antihistaminique 21.8% antiepelitic 1.3%psycholeptics 2.6% | NR | NR | NR | NR | Black/brown/indigenous 75.6% caucasian/Asian/Other 24.4% |
| Atmadani | 2020 | Indonesia |
16–27 54.4% 28–45 45.6% |
Middle school or lower 29.7% High school or higher 70.3% |
Student 4.2% Homemaker 72.1% Employed 23.7% |
Urban 73.0% Rural 27.0% |
< 1.5 Million Rupiah 47.7% 1.5 Million Rupiah or more 52.3% |
0 44.4% 1 or more children 55.6% |
NR | Antiemetic medicines (33%), cold and flu remedies (29%), anti-fever medication (15%), pain killers (13%), and others (10%) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Befekadu | 2014 | Ethiopia |
15–19 11(3.6%) 20–24 126 (41.6%) 25–29 115 (38.0) 30–34 36(11.9%) 35–39 15(5%) |
Illiterate (6.3%) 1–8 (24.8%) 9–12 (37%) Higher Education (32%) |
Housewife (24.4%) Merchant (23.8%) Employed (38.6%) Student (2%) Farmer (7.3%) Self employee (4%) |
Urban 257 (84.8%) Rural 46 ( 15.2%) |
Below 500 BIRR (19.8%) 501–1000 (29.7%) 1001–1500 (17.2%) 1501–2000 (16.2%) Above 2000 (17.2%) |
No (46.5%) 1–3(49.2%) > 3 (4.3%) |
Iron7 (11.5%) Paracetamol 21 (34.4%) Aspirin 8 (13.1%) CAF 5 (8.2%) TTC 1 (1.6%) Paracetamol and CAF 2 (3.3%) Paracetamol and TTC 2 (3.3%) ASA and CAF 1 (1.6%) Amoxicillin 4 (6.6%) cough syrup 6 (9.8%) Salbutamol tablet 4 (6.6%) |
Cough 8 (13.1%) Typhoid 9 (14.8%) Headache 29 (47.5%) Common cold 1 (1.6%) Diarrhea 2 (3.3%) Anemia 8 (13.1%) Asthma 4 (6.6%) |
Private drug retail outlets 44 (72.1%) Neighbors/Friend 3 (4.9%) Private drug retail outlets and shops 5 (8.2%) Shops and neighbors/friend 4 (6.6%) Private drug retail outlets and neighbors/friend 5 (8.2%) |
Time Saving 20 (32.8%) Easily available 28 (45.9%) Better knowledge about the disease and the treatment 4 (6.6%) Time Saving and Easily av ailable 5 (8.2%) Time Saving and Better knowledge about the disease and the treatment 2 (3.3%) Easily available and Better knowledge about the disease and the treatment 2 (3.3%) |
Muslim (47.5%) Orthodox (32.7%) Protestant(17.8%) Catholic (2%) |
Oromo (54.8%) Amhara (18.2%) Gurage (7.3%) Welamo (5.6%) Dawro (5.3%) Keffa(5%) Others (3.96%) |
| Beza | 2018 | Ethiopia |
18–24 (31.4% 25–29 (40.7% 30–34 (17.8% > 34 10% |
No formal education (9.9)% Primary school (grades 1–8) 127.2% Secondary school (grades 9–12) 32.3% Certificate or diploma (21.6% First degree and above 9.1% |
Housewife (37.1% Government employee 20.6% Private employee 27.6% Merchant 8.9% Housemaid 5.8% |
NR | < 3000 ETB (30.6%)3000–5999 ETB (44.2% > 6000 ETB (25.1% |
Primigravida (1) (41.2%) Multigravida (> 1) (58.8%) |
Paracetamol 49.1% Amoxicillin 23.2% Tinidazole 4.5% Metronidazole 3.6% Ibuprofen 5.4% Albendazole 5.4% Panadol 6.3% Diclofenac 4.5% Mebendazole 1.8% Augmentin (amoxicillin + clavulanate) 0.9% Azithromycin 0.9% Tetracycline 2.7% Magnesium trisilicate 1.8% Ciprofloxacin 3.6% Aspirin 2.7% Bactrim (sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim) 1.8% Ampicillin 1.8% Depo-provera (medroxyprogesterone) 0.9% Unknown medicines 2.7% |
NR |
Sharing with family, friends or neighbors 9.8% Pharmacy or drug store 76.8% Health facilities 0.9% Left-over medicines 21%. My SelF (64.3%) My husband, family or neighbors (29.5%) Pharmacist or druggist (7.14%) Nurse (2.75) |
Time saving 26.8% Obtaining medicines easily 71.4% Disease not serious 54.5% Self-medication is cheaper 17.9% Previous medication experience 20.5% Being embarrassed to tell about the disease 1.8% High cost of visiting doctors and health service 5 4.5% Poor health service provision 0.9% Poor ethics of health professionals 0.9% Long waiting time for health services 19.6% |
NR | NR |
| BiBintsene | 2018 | republic of Congo | 67 + 6,3 |
Have school Attended 97,2% Not school attended 2,8% |
Yes 68,8% No 31.3% |
NR | NR |
Multiparous 42,4% primiparous 57,65 |
Analgesics 94,4% Paracetamol 70,1% Diclofenac 17,4% Ibuprofen 6,9% Anti-malaria 7,6% Quinine 6,3% Arthemeter/ Lumefantrine 1,4% Antibiotic 13,2% Chloramphenicol 6,3% Doxycycline 1,4% Amoxicillin 2,8% Flucloxacillin 1,4% Cotrimoxazole 1,4% |
Fever 27%, Headache 72% | market (55.56% %) and pharmacies 30.88%, family sotorage box (8%) and other sources (7%) | a strong belief in the safety of the drug (48.6%) and the lack of access to a health centre (47.9%) | NR | NR |
| Bobga | 2021 | Cameroon |
15—20 23% 21—25 29.8% 26—30 19.2% 31—35 11.61% 36—40 9.6% ≥ 40 6.8% |
Primary 32.7% Secondary University 48.07% |
Student 17.4% Health personnel’s 8.4% Teacher 7.2% Farmer 28% Trader 13.6% Civil servant 11.6% Others 13.8% |
NR | NR | NR | Cant recall 11.57% Antibiotics 12.76. Analgesics 17.21% Antiemetics 28.48% Antimalarial 8.60% Antiacids 21.36% |
Fever/headache 21.36% Cough/cold 14.24% Nausea/vomiting 17.21% Constipation 18.69% Gastritis 15.73% Cannot recall 12.76% |
Past prescriptions 19.88% Hospital/Pharmacy 14.24% Family/freinds/neighbours 34.42% Medicine stores 31.45% |
High cost of medication in hospital/pharmacy 22.25% Previous experience 29.09% Non severity of ailment 20.77% Did not have money for consultation 20.77% Long distance from home to health facility 7.12% |
NR | NR |
| Bohio | 2016 | Pakistan | 18–26 13.6% 27–3554.5% > 35 31.8% | Illiterate 43.3% Primary 36.2% Secondary / Higher 20.5% | Housewife 95.2% Working 4.8% | Urban 34.5% Rural 43% Semi—urban 22.5% | Low 57.3% Middle 41.6% Upper 1.1% | Primigravida 21.9% Multigravida 67.2% Grand multigravida 10.8% | Acetaminophen + Aspirin 43.6% Acetaminophen + ibuprofen 18% Multiple drugs 12% / Ibuprofen15% / Multivitamins/Iron 3.8% Acetaminophen + Antacids 2.3% Aspirin 1.5% / Antibiotics 1.5% / Castor oil 0.8% / Unknown drugs 0.8% | Headache 60.2%Multiple complains 19.5% Headache + Backache 10.5% Fever 2.3% Headache + heartburn 2.3% Weakness 2.3% Constipation 0.8% Cough 0.8% Common cold 0.8% Suicide attempt 0.8% | Yourself 73.7% Yourself and husband 13.5% Pharmacist / drug store 11.3% Neighbors / Family members 1.5% | Better Disease knowledge 11.3% Attending health care is costly 31.6%. Easily Available 27.6% / timw saving 28.6% / Suicide Attempt 0.8% | NR | NR |
| MaliheBotyar | 2018 | Iran |
< 20 0% 1–30 53.4% 31–40 42.5%. 41–45 4.1% |
Illiterate 1.4%. Primary school 12.3%. Middle school 19.2%. Hight school 49.3% | Homemaker 86.3% Practitioner 13.7% | City 93.2%. Village 6.8% | No income 87.7% Under one million toman 12,3% between one and two milion 0 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Easy access 4.3% Disease being mild 22.9%. The hight cost of treatment 2.4% Neglect 2,9%. No information one the disease 9% the drug being avalble at home 3.3%. Good results from previous self medication 1% | NR | Persian 42.5%. Turkish 21.9%. Lor 9.6%. Arab 0%. Other 19.2% |
| Bulabula | 2019 | South Africa | 29.9 ± 5.9 |
primary school 4.9% secondary school 92.9% university 2.2% |
NR |
rural 55.8% urban 44.2% |
≤ 250 USD 47.8% > 250 USD 52.2% |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Cabut | 2017 | France | [30.2 3.9] | NR |
Executive and intellectual professions 22.1% Intermediate professionsc 36.8% Employees 30.9% Othersd 2.9% No occupation 7.4% |
5000 inhabitants 77.6% > 5000 inhabitants 22.4% |
NR | NR | NR |
Headache 79.6% Sore throat 16.3% Stomach ache, gastroesophageal reflux 36.7% Dental pain 4.1% Other pains 18.4% Nausea, vomiting 18.4% Diarrhoea, constipation 4.0% Fever 8.2% Cough 4.1% Infectious disorders 12.2% Insomnia, stress 4.13% Otherb 4.1% |
NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Navaro | 2018 | Italy |
< 20 10.9% 21_25 19.9% 26–30. 25.1% 31–35. 24.6% > 35 19.5% |
No formal education 10.3% Midlle school 37.4% Highr school.40.8% College dergree or higher 11.5% |
Employed 44.6%. Unemployed 55.4% | NR | NR | Nulliparous 40.2%. Parous 59.8% | The most commonly prescribed medications were progesterone (14.6%), amoxicillin (8.7%), levothyroxine (8.3%), fosfomycin (7.3%), acetylsalicylic acid (7.3%), methyldopa (5.7%), and paracetamol (5.3%). The most commonly classes of medications used for self-medication were for nervous system and for alimentary tract and metabolism. The most frequently medications self-used were paracetamol (69.7%) and aluminum hydroxide (10%) | obstetric disorders (28%), urinary tract infection symptoms and other infections (17.4%), digestive disorders (8.3%), hypo/hyperthyroidism (8.7%), fever/common cold symptoms (8.7%), and hypertension (7%) | 81.3% had received information about medications use during pregnancy and physicians were the most common source (75.3%), followed by internet (46.9%), and pharmacists (14.7%), whereas, only half had received information on the risk for the fetus (52.3%) and the majority of them from Gynecologists (86.3%). Finally, 57.8% would welcome in learning more about medications use during pregnancy | physician’s advice were a not serious disease (47%), advice/information by pharmacists (29.7%), they knew that the medication is safe during pregnancy (14.6%), and emergency care (13.5%) | NR | Italien 80.1%. Other 19.9% |
| Ebrahimi | 2017 | Iran | 26.33 ± 4.60 |
Illiterate 1.0% Elementary 5.7% Guidance 11.7% Diploma 43.0% Higher Education 38.5% |
Housewife 16.7% Employed 83.3% |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Gbagbo | 2020 | Ghana |
15–20 8.85% 21–25 17.6% 26–30 36.8% 31–35 16.9% 36–40 14.0% 41–50 4.4% 46þ 1.5% |
Tertiary 22.8% Secondary 34.6% Basic 38.2% No education 4.4% |
Student 14.8% Self-employment 62.5% Paid employment 17.6% Unemployed 5.1% |
NR | NR |
Primiparous 29.4% 1 22.1% 2 20.6% 3þ 27.9% |
Antibiotics 34.3% Pain killers 29.9% Antacids 7.5% Herbal medicines 28.4% |
Headache 55.2% Cold and flu 3.0% Lower abdominal pains 17.9% Vagina infection 3.0% Malaria 9.0% Body pains 11.9% |
NR |
Reduced cost of treatment 25.4% Simple disease condition 43.3% Previous experience 20.9% Long waiting time 10.4% |
Christian 86.0% Muslim 11.8% Others 2.2% |
NR |
| Grover | 2019 | USA | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Haque | 2016 | Bangladesh |
15–20 35.4% 21–25 30.4% 26–30 24.1% 31–35 7.6% 36–40 2.5% > 40 0 |
Illiterate 11.4% Primary 54.4% Secondary 27.8% Graduation 6.3% |
Service Holder 7.6% Student 2.5% Housewife 89.9% |
NR |
< 10,000Tk 84.8% 10,000–20,000Tk + 13.9% > 20,000Tk 1,3% |
NR |
antacid (27.8%) NSAIDs (26.6%), iron (15.2%), vitamins and minerals (12.7%), ayurvedic preparations (5.1%) and antiemetic (5.1%). antibiotics (3.8%), anti-histamine (2.5%) and phenobarbitone (1.3%), |
gastric acidity (32.9%), infection (24.1%), cold & fever (21.5%), pain (12.7%), vomiting (8.9%), disorders related to pregnancy (7.6%), dysentery, diarrhea & food poisoning (5.1%), dental carries & toothache (3.8%) and anemia (2.5%). The obsessive conditions that imposed the minimal measure of pregnant women to take the medications without prescriptions were hypertension, skin diseases, allergic disorder, UTI, gonorrhea and sore throat |
NR |
availability of drugs (42.0%), pre-experience (20.8%), emergency usage (11.2%), knowledge about drugs (10.0%), advice from traditional healers (8.0%), non-serious illness (5.1%) and lack of faith in doctor’s practice (2.9%) |
NR | NR |
| Barhamji | 2014 | France | 29,7 (± 5,3) | NR |
Cadre, profession intellectuelle supérieure 12,5% Employé 42,3% Agriculteur, artisan, ouvrier,15.1% profession intermédiaire 30.1% 15,1 16,1 12,4 Sans profession 30,1 |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Ibrahim, | 2021 | United ArabEmirates |
< 20 (2%) 20–29 (31.3%) 30–39 (37.6%) 40–60 (29.1%) |
Uneducated (3.0)% High school (22.3% Undergraduates 10.6% University graduates 64.1% |
Housewives (63.8% Health-related careers (7.1%) Other types of employment (29.1%) |
NR | NR |
1 (18.7%) 2–3 (47.9%) > 3 (33.4%) |
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) 38 (25.3%) Multivitamins 28 (18.7%) Folic acid 18 (12.0%) |
NR |
Gynaecologists (77.9%) Pharmacist (13.1%) General practitioner (8.5%) Media and Internet (0.5%) |
NR | NR | Emiratis (27.2)% Other Arab nationality (67.3)% Non-Arab 24 (5.5)% |
| Jambo | 2018 | Ethiopia |
18–23 34% 24–29. 41.4%. 30–35 19.3% > 35. 5.3% |
Illiterate 16.4%. Primary 1–8 38.9%. Secndary 32%. College universitystudents. 2.9%. Diploma/degree 9.8% | Goverment employee 10.2%. House wife 29.1%. Farmer 14.3%. Students 3.3% | Urban 80.7%. Rural 19.3% | < 13808poor 13.5%. 1381–6900 low. 84%. 6900–13800 middle 2.5% | No child 6.3%. one child 47.1%. Two children 27.6%. More than two children 19% | Paracetamol 33.8%. Cough Syrup 23.9%. Don't remember 22.5%. Amoxicillin 18.3%. Metronidazole 1.4% | Common cold 42.3%. Headache 36.6%. Nausea/vomiting 14.1%. Others 7% | Themselves 21.1%. Husband 1.4%. Freind 28,2%. Neighbour 18.3%. Pharmacist7druggist 23.9%. Other Health professional 7% | NR | NR | NR |
| Kabamba | 2014 | Dempocartic republic of Congo |
16–20: 22 15,1% 21–30: 84 57,9% 31–40: 39 26,8% |
Primary 15 10,3% Secondary 97 66,8% High education 33 22,7% |
Households 17 11.7% Primary Students 3 2% Students 5 3.4% Informal sector 108 74.4% Female employees 12 8.2% |
NR | NR | NR |
Anaflam® (Ibuprofen + Paracetamol) 5% Aspirin® (Acetylsalicylic acid) 49% Dolarene® (Carisoprodol + Diclofenac) 7% Ibucap® (Ibuprofen + Paracetamol + Caffeine) 19% Ibuprofen 23% |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Karami Matin | 2016 | Iran |
19–25 34.3% 26–36 28.6% |
Under diploma 21.7% Diploma 25.5% Academic education 45.2% |
Employed 40.5%. Housewife 27.3% | NR | NR | NR | POMs 9.2%. Pain medication 8.4%. Antibiotics 7%. Vitamins 3.3.% | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Leke | 2018 | Cameroon |
13–17 58.5% 18–25 75.0% 26–35 72.5% 36–45 76.9% |
Never went to school 68.4% Primarya 60.0% Secondary 74.5% High School 78.3% University/Professionala 88.5% |
NR |
Urban 71.5% Rural 75.3% |
NR |
0 73.1% 1 76.7% 2 76.6% ≥ 3 64.0% |
Analgesics 48.8% Antianaemias 38.6%. Antimalarials 33.6%. Antibacterials 20.8%. Mineral supplements 14.5%. Vitamins. 8.8%. Other Medications 6.3%. Anifungal for dermatological use 5.7%. Antiinflamatory and antirheumatic. 4,9%. antihelminthics 4.4%. drugs for gastrotestinaldisordres 4.3%. Vaccines 3%. drugs for acid related disrodrs 2.6%. antiemetics and antinauseants 1.9%. antiretroviral 0.4% | n | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Liao | 2015 | China |
20–25 6.2% 26–34 80.8% 35–42 13% |
High school and below 23.0% College and above 77.0% |
NR | NR |
≤ 800USD 41.2% > 800USD 58.8% |
Parous 18.7% Nulliparous 81.3% |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Lutz | 2015 | Brazil |
≤ 19 32.4% 20–29 27.9% 30–47 25.8% |
0–4 31.2% 5–8 32.1% 9–11 29.6% 12 or more 21.3% |
NR | NR |
≤ 1 30.1% 11–3 30.7% 3.1–6 27% 6.1–10 17.4% > 10 17.1% |
1. 25.2% 2. 27% 3. 34.1% 4 or more. 37% |
A—Alimentary tract and metabolism 13.7%. N—Nervous system 23.7% J—Anti-infectives for systemic use. 1.1%. C—Cardiovascular system2%. G—Genitourinary system and sex hormones. 4.5%. R—Respiratory system. 14.2%. H—Systemic hormonal preparations. 0.3%. M—Musculo-skeletal system 35.4%. B—Blood and blood forming organs 11.5%. D—Dermatologicals 11.1%. P—Antiparasitic products, insecticides 27.8% S—Sensory organs 16.7% L—Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents 0 |
NR | NR | NR | NR |
White 27.6% Black 26.2% Mixed/other 30.1% |
| Marwa | 2018 | Tanzania |
18–27 47.06% 28–37 45.32% 38–47 45.45% > 47 0 0.00% |
No formal education 65.00% Incomplete Primary school 65.79% Primary School 52.46% Secondary School 43.08% College or University Level 22.58% |
Employed 28.57% Business 48.08% Unemployed 48.78% House wife 52.23% |
NR | NR |
1 45.83% 2 43.97% 3 46.59% 4 50.00% 5 50.00% 6 57.14% 7 100.0% |
Antimalarial (24.42%) Antibiotics (9.58%) Antiemetic (34.30%). Analgesics (19.19%) Antiasthma (1.74%) Antiepileptic (1.16%) Antihypertensive (1.16%) Cough & Cold Remedies (5.23%) Heartburn (1.74%). Antihelmintics 1.16%) |
Malaria 32.56% Urinary Tract Infection 9.3% Morning Sickness 25.55% Heartburn 2.34% Headache 19.19% Asthma 1.74% Epilepsy 1.16% Hypertension 1.6% Cough & Cold 5.25% Diarrhoea 1.58% Helminth’s 1.58% None 0 (0%) Fungal Infection 0.58% |
NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Mbarambara | 2016 | Dempocartic republic of Congo |
15–19 28.0% 20–24 38.6% 25–29 19.3% 30–35 11.0% > 35 3% |
Illiterate 7.65% Primary school 23.9% Secondary school 61.8% University. 6.6% |
House-wife 57.4% Employed 19.5% Student 20.5% Merchant 33.6% Self employed 5.0% |
NR | NR |
Paracetamol 40.8% Aspirin 7.6% Amoxicillin 17.1% Cough syrup 8.0% Vitamins 5.3% Papaverin 13.4% Irons 2.5% Vermox 1.3% Other drugs (antibiotics…) 1.8% Antacids 2.2% |
Malaria 23.2% Typhoid fever 17.7% Tract urinary infection 43.9% Common cold and cough 30.5% Gastrointestinal disorders 7.1% Other diseases (anemia, asthma, headache, …) 27.9% |
Pharmacist/druggist 73.0% Yourself 9.2% Free sale at the market 13.0% Neighbors/friends 4.8% |
Disease not serious 28.3% Prior experience about the drug 25.4% Economical cost 14.1% Time saving 7.8% Easy access to the drugs without prescription 18.1% Others 6.2% |
NR | NR | |
| Mehmood | 2018 | Pakistane |
18 – 25 13.7% 26 – 35 54.4% > 35 31.9% |
Illiterate 43.3% Primary 36.2% Secondary / Higher 20.5% |
Housewife 95.2% Working Women 04.8% |
Semi-Ruler 34.5% Ruler 43.0% Urban 22.5% |
Low 57.3% Middle 41.6% Upper 01.1% |
Primigravida 22.0% Multigravida 67.2% Grand multigravida 10.8% |
Acetaminophen + Aspirin 43.6% Acetaminophen + ibuprofen 18% Multiple drugs 12% Ibuprofen 15% Multivitamins/Iron 3.8% Acetaminophen + Antacids 2.3% Aspirin 1.5% Antibiotics 1.5% Castor oil 0.8% Unknown drugs 0.8% |
Headache 60.2% Multiple complains 19.5% Headache + Backache 10.5% Fever 2.3% Headache + heartburn 2.3% Weakness 2.3% Constipation 0.8% Cough 0.8% Common cold 0.8% Suicide attempt 0.8% |
By self 73.7% Husband and by self 13.5% Pharmacist / drug store 11.3% Neighbors / Family members 01.5% |
Easily Available 27.6% Attending Health care is Costly 31.6% Better Disease Knowledge 11.3% Suicide Attempt 0.80% Time Saving 28.6% |
NR | NR |
| Niriayo | 2021 | Ethiopia |
< 18 2%. 19–25. 46%. 26–30. 33%. 31–35. 13.6% > 35. 6.4% |
No formal education (14)% Primary school 16.4% Secondary 43.2%% higher education 26% |
Civil servant. 23.6%. Merchant 20%. Housewife 46.4%. Others 10% |
Urban 73.2% Rural 26.8% |
< 5000 50.4%. > = 5000 49.6% |
Primigravida 43% Multigravida 66% |
NR | Morning sickness 39.2%. Headache 34.3%. Upper respiratory tract infections. 29.4%. Urinary tract infections 19.6%. Cough and cold 15.7%. Diarrhea. 13.7%. Allergic rhinits 7.8% | Pharmacies/drug stores 24%. Leftover medicine. 12.8%. Sharing with family,freinds or neighbors. 4% | easily accessing medicines. 25.5%. Diseas not serious. 21.6%. Timesaving 19.6%. Poor health service provision 14.7%. Cost saving. 12.7%. Ack of trust on prescribers. 5,9% | NR | NR |
| Odalovic | 2012 | Serbia |
< 30 (68.8%) > 30 (31.2%) |
< 12 (68.1%) > 12 (31.9%) |
NR |
Central (34.4%) Northern (30.2%) Western (35.4%) |
< 300 (73.3%) > 300 (26.7%) |
< 1 (54.1%) > 1 (45.9%) |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Ojo | 2020 | Nigeria |
15–20. 3.2% 21–26. 29.7% 27–32. 43.4% 33 and above 23.6% |
Primary. 8.2% Secondary. 42.3% Tertiary. 49.6% |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Drugs prescribed in hospital are expensive 53.9 5 The illness is not serious/minor 65.0% There is no time to go to the health facility 39.9% Going to hospital for treatment waste time 31.5% The cost of the health practitioner treatment is high 45.2% Availability of an old prescription 47.8% |
Christian 85.7%Muslim. 12.8% Traditional. 0.6%. Others. 0.9% |
Yoruba 80.8% Igbo. 10.2% Hausa. 2.6% Others. 6.4% |
| Pakseresht | 2020 | Iran |
16–25. 24.4% 26–35. 59.7% 36–45 15.4% > 46. 0.5% |
Reading & Writing 37.5% Diploma & Higher 62.5% |
Employee 6.7% Self-business 5.8% Housewives 87.5% |
Rent 43% Owner 51% With family 6% |
< 300 $. 27.6% 300–600$. 67.9% > 600$. 4.5% |
0 17.6% 1–2 77.3% 3–4 5.1% |
Analgesics 50.94%. Antihistaminics 9.43% cold syrup5.56%. Antinausea and vometting medecine 3.275%. Calcuim supplement 1,89% |
headache (34%), common cold (22.6%), and digestive diseases (22.6%) |
Physician. 1% Family. 0.2% Neighbor. 0.2% Radio-TV. 2.2% Book- pamphlet 4.1% Internet 20.6% More than 1 item |
Fear of medication side effects 83.4% Uncertainty about drug effectiveness. 12.4% Influenced by the family. 4.2% |
NR | NR |
| Pereira | 2021 | Brazil |
< 30 43.9% 30–39 48.6% > 40 87.4% |
Elementary school 10.2% High school College and university 89.7% |
Employed 58.8% Unemployed 8.4% House wife 32.7% |
NR | 0–2 72.1%. 3–5. 23%. > 5. 4.8% | 1. 18.6%. > 2 81.3% | acetaminophen 35.1% metamizole 28 Metamizole association 17.7% ibuprofen 9.3%. Scopolamine 5.6%. Others 19.1%. Naphazoline 4.6%. Dimenhydrinate 3.7%. Omeprazole 2.8% guaco syrup 2.8%. Mutivitaine 1.8% passionflower 1.8% others 7.2% | hypertensive syndrome during pregnancy 29.2%. Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy 28.2%. Thyroid disease 12.7%. Collagen disease and antiphospholipid syndrome 8.3%. Bad obstetric history 6.7%. Nervous system problems 6.3%. Uterine anomaly and preterm labor 6% infection 6%. pulmonry disease 4.7%. Mental health 4.7%. obstetrics complications 3.7%. diagnosis under investigation 6% others 20.5% | Neighbor or friend 11.2%. Lefover from pervious treatement 10.2%. Family memeber 8.4%. Pharmacy 8.4%. Internet 5.6%. Others 4.5% | Considred simple health problem 62.6% Practicality 50.4% Lack of access to health system 23.4% others 12.1% | NR | White 47.6%. No white 52.3% |
| Pisa | 2015 | Italy |
< 25 6.6% 25–29 13.8% 30–34 38.4% 35–39 32.7% 40 + 8.5% |
< High school 15.75 High school 45.9% University 38% |
Employed on maternity leave 73.8% Currently employed 7.2% Housewife 8.5% Unemployed 6.6% |
Italy 91.5%. Other 7.9% | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Rafiee | 2018 | Iran |
< 25 years 20.5% 25–30 years 30.4% > 30 years 27.4% |
Diploma 39% Academic 38.2% |
Housewife 25.8% Employed 22.2% |
Urban 30.7% Rural 13.3% |
< $150 21.7% $150–300 29.1% $300–600 37% > $600 33.3% |
NR | NR | NR | NR |
Belief in the treatment of disease by medications alone 77(74.8) Safety of medications 77(74.8) The availability of medications at home 73(70.9) Inappropriate knowledge of the effects of drugs 68(66) Desirable results of the previous self-medication by the mother 64(62.1) Previous experience of similar disease 62(60.2) Ignoring the importance of the disease by the mother 62(60.2) Easy drug delivery from drug store 51(49.5) Expensive visit fee of doctors 27(26.2) Insufficient time 23(22.3) Lack of access to doctor 21(20.4) No insurance coverage 16(15.5) Insist of friends 14(13.6) Uncertainty about doctor’s practice 10(9.7) |
NR |
Arab 21.3% Bakhtiari 41.4% Fars 50% Others 16.7% |
| Raheel | 2017 | Saudi Arabia |
< 20 (2.5%) 20–30 (67%) 31–41 (25.5%) > 40 (5%) |
Elementary (3%) Intermediate (5%) High school (35%) Bachelor (50%) Higher education (7%) |
House-wife (53%) Student (14%) Health-related employee (4%) Teacher (16%) Others (13%) |
Saudi (91%) Non-Saudi (9%) |
< 3,000 (5%) 3,000–4,999 (20%) 5,000–9,999 (47%) 10,000–20,000 (24%) > 20,000 (4%) |
1 (43%) 2 (18%) 3 (15%) 4 (8%) > 4 (16%) |
Antibiotic 3%. Paracetamol 22%. Aspirin 3%. Ibuprofen 3%. Antihistaminics 3%. Antiacid 6% | NR |
pharmacists (53%), medication pamphlets (28%), media (27%), family member (11%), and friends (4%) |
NR | NR | NR |
| Sah | 2020 | Nepal |
18–23 31.6%, 24–29 41.3% and 30–35 42 (18.7%) > 35 19 (8.4%) |
NR | (63.6%) house wives (36.4%) were employed | NR | NR | NR | Paracetamol 28% Cough 18%. Analgesics 10%. Antiemetics 15% Antibiotics 9%. Others 13% |
headaches (31.2%), treat fever (11.8%), cough (22.6%), vomiting (14%), urinary tract infections (11.8%) and others (8.6%) |
Friends 28% Health professionals 23.6% Neighour 12.9% Social netework 11.8% Others 15.1% Husband 8.6% |
Disease were not serious 46.2% High cost to visit doctor 29% It is time saving 19.3% Drugs are easily available 5.4% |
NR | NR |
| Sema | 2020 | Ethiopia |
18–27 48.2% 28–37 49.8% > 38 2% |
Illiterate 5.8% Primary school [1–8] 14.3% Secondary school [9–11] 37.8% College/university student 1.8% Diploma/degree 40.5% |
Governmental employed 31.3% Self-employee 26.5% Housewife 31.5% Farmer 5.8% Student 2.3% Unemployed 11% |
Urban 84.35 Rural 15.8% |
< 3000 39.8% 3000–6000 33.8% > 6000 26.5% |
No child 31.3% One child 39.8% Two children 21.0% More than two children 8.2% |
Paracetamol 58.0% Amoxicillin 16.0% Cough syrup 4.0% Hyoscine 4.0% Metronidazole 8.0% I do not know the name of the drug 10.0% |
Headache 60.0% Nausea/vomiting 6.0% Typhoid 8.0% Common cold 8.0% Cough 16.0% Unspecified 2.0% |
From friends 8.0% Internet 6.0% Pharmacist/druggist 74.0% Other health professional 12% |
Health problem 3.5% Low economic level 0.3% Unwanted pregnancy 1.3% Unspecified 1.5% |
Orthodox 76.3% Muslim 20.0% Protestant 3.5% Jehovah witness 0.3% |
NR |
| Sina | 2021 | Ghana |
18—24. 19.6% 25—34. 68.9% 35 – 45. 11.5% |
No formal education 45.5% Primary. 15% JHS. 12.8% Secondary + 26.7% |
Students 6% Self-employed/ private business 45.5% Government 12.3% Unemployed 36.2% |
NR | NR |
None 30.2% 1. 29.2% 2. 25.9% 3 + . 14.7% |
(Paracetamol) 76.1% NSAIDS (Ibuprofen, Diclofenac) 12.5% Tramadol 32.4% Antibiotics (e.g. amoxicilin, septrin, flagyl, etc.) 22.1% Dewormers 2.6% Antimalarial 16.2% Herbal medicine (e.g., Achyranthes aspera, sphaeralcea coccinea, etc.) 10.3% Anti-dyspeptics (e.g., antacids, omeprazole, etc.) 9.9% Cough syrup 7.7% Anti-emetics (e.g., promethazine, etc.) 6.6% Vitamins (vitaprime, ultimate omega, B-G glutamine plus and ultra-vitamin B complex) 2.6% Diazepam (valium, diastat and diastat AcuDial) 3 1.1 |
headache (34.2%), [upper] back pain (33.1%), waist pain [low back pain without sciatica] (32.7%), lower abdominal pain (20.6%) and malaria (16.2%) |
Perceived illness as minor 60.8% Prior experience with self-medication 39.5% Availability of health facilities 56.7% Far distance to health facilities.50.4% Availability of enough skilled health personnel 70.3% Waiting time at health facility 24% Number of times told there is no medicine at the13.6% Difficulty getting transportation to the health 53.1% Cost of transportation to the health facility 33.8% Availability of chemical shops and pharmacies 90.5% Closeness of chemical shops 23.7% Cost of medicine bought from the chemical shop 39.2% Presence of cultural norms and beliefs that promote 31.1% Potency of traditional medicine over orthodox medicine 17.5% |
NR | NR | |
| Tefera | 2020 | Ethiopia | NR |
Illiterate 38.3% Primary school 29.2% Secondary school [9–11] 29.7% College/university student 2.9% |
Student 4.9%. Governmenet employee 14.3%. Merchant 16.4%. Farmer 4.7%. House wife 53.4%. Selfemployed 6.3% |
Urban 72.7% Rural 27.3% |
< 500 6.3%. 500–1499 11.7%. 1500–2499 50.6%. 2500 and above 31.3% | NR | Amoxicilin 1%. Tracycline 5%. Paracetamol 1%. Misoprotosl 0.5%. Wafarin 0.5% | NR | Pharmacists 41.9%. Nurse and Midwives 22%. General Practioner 21.3%. Gynocllogist 13.8% | NR |
Orthodox 49.7% Muslim 34.1% Protestant. 8.1% Others 0.5% |
Amhara 61.9%. Tigre 36.2%. Qimant 4.7%. Others 1.8% |
| Tuha A | 2020 | Ethiopia |
15–19 26% 20–24 10.8% 25–29 31.8% 30–34 16.6% 35–39 10.8%. 40–49 4% |
Illiterate 19.7% Primary school [1–8] 17% Secondary school [9–11] 8.1% College/university student 38.6% Diploma/degree 16.6% |
NR |
Urban 70% Rural 30% |
1000–1400 18.4%. 1500–1900 2.2%. 2000–2900 40.8%. 3000–3400 15.7% | 1–5 96%. > 5 4% |
Paracetamol 31.7% Amoxicillin 20% aspirin 6.7%. Cough syrup 28.3%. Hyoscine 13.3% |
Headache 30.0% Nausea/vomiting 15% Common cold 28.0% Cough 20.0% urinry tract inection 7.0% |
Yourself 23% husband 7% Pharmacist. 43%. /drug store Neighbors / Family members 13%. Internet 13% | Time saving 19.8%. Easily available 14.4%. Poor knowledge about disease and drug 19.8%. Prior experience to the drug 46% | NR | NR |
| Verstappen | 2013 | Pays bas |
18–35 12.2% > 35 15.1% |
Low 8.0% Middle 13.3% High. 12.8% |
NR | NR | NR |
0 15.7% 1 10.4% |
Dermatics, Homeopathy, Comforting medication ± 12.8% Analgesics‡ 27.3% Cold & flu medication 11.8% Prenatal vitamins and other vitamins† 26.7% Gastro-intestinal tract medication 21.45% |
NR | NR | NR | NR |
Western 12.3% Non-western 23.1% |
| Wakjira | 2019 | Ethiopia |
21–30 50.3% 31–40 35.4% > 41 14.4% |
Illiterates 17.4% Primary 12.8% Secondary 12.8% College/university 19.5% Diploma/degree 37.4% |
Government employee 27.7% Self-employee 32.3% Farmer 6.2% House wife 15.9% Student 17% |
Urban 81.5% Rural 18.5% |
< 1000 5.6% 1001–2000 7.2% 2001–3000 17.9% > 3000 69.2% |
No 21.0% One 19.0% Two 26.2% Three 21.5% ≤ Four 12.3% |
Paracetamol 45% Amoxicillin 19% aspirin 7%. Other 27% |
Common cold 21%. Headache 33%. Nausea/vomiting 21%. Diarrehoea 27% |
Your self 2.7% Your neighbor 40.5% Pharmacist/druggist 57.1% |
Time saving 2.4% Better knowledge about the disease and the treatment 38.1% Had prior experience to the drug 45.2% Easy available 14.3% |
NR | NR |
| Yusuff | 2011 | Nigeria | NR |
Primary 34.5% Secondary 42% University 16.1% None 7.4% |
Self-employed (traders and artisans 61.5% Unemployed 25.1% Civil servants 13.4% |
NR | NR | NR |
Paracetamol 556 (34.3) Hematinics ? vitamins 548 (33.8) Local herbs 190 (11.7) Piroxicam 91 (5.6) Cough medicines 88 (5.4) Dipyrone 44 (2.7) Ampicilin 31 (1.9) Chloramphenicol 26 (1.6) Prednisolone 23 (1.4) Diazepam 13 (0.8) Calcium supplements 13 (0.8) |
Body pains/fever (30.1%) Joint pain (14.5%) Cough (10.2%) General weakness (9.2%) Indigestion (8.5%) Headache (7.8%) Sleeplessness (7.6%) Nausea (7.2%) Heart burn (2.5%) Body swelling (2.4%) |
Mother-in-law ? relatives (41.3%) Patent medicine vendor (20.2)% Pharmacist (12.8%) Nurse (10.1%) Neighbour (8.3%) Traditional healer (7.3%) |
Unrestricted availability of medicines (40% Long distance to public health facilities 29.6% Financial difficulty 18.5% Perceived poor service delivery at facilities 11.9% |
NR | NR |
| Zaki | 2013 | SaudiArabia |
20–30 (34.2%) 30–40 (44.7%) 40–50 (21.1%) |
Illiterate (7.9%) Primary (6.6%) Secondary (18.4%) University (65.8%) Postgraduate (1.3%) |
House-wife (81.6%) Student (1.3%) Health-related career employee (7.9%) Other employee (9.2%) |
Rural 750 Urban 10 |
NR |
First-time pregnancy (15.8%) 1–3 previous children (28.9%) More than 3 previous children (55.3%) |
Paracetamol (13.2%) Antacid (1.3%) NSAIDs (1.3%) Antibiotics (2.6%) Antihistaminics (1.3%) Drugs for nausea and vomiting (2.6%) Vitamins (13.2%) Herbs (4.6%) No medication (59.9%) |
NR | gynecologist (58.1%) then general practitioner (GP; 13%) and pharmacist (11%). The media,5% family and friends as well as the internet collectively contribute by 10% | NR | NR |
Saudi (71.1%) Egyptian (7.9%) Sudanese (3.9%) Jordanian (3.9%) Syrian (6.6%) Indian (1.3%) Pakistanis (2.6%) Others (2.6%) |
| Zewdie | 2018 | Ethiopia |
15–24 29.1% 25–34 63.8% 35 and above 7.1% |
Unable to read and write 7.7% Read and write 10.8% Primar 31.9% Secondary and above 49.5% |
Housewives 49.5% GOV Worker 20.7% Merchant 18.3% Student 2.5% Self-employee 8.7% Othersb 0.3% |
NR | NR |
One 39.6% Two 35.9% Three and abovE 24.5% |
NR |
Vomiting 25% Back pain 17.3% Headache 11.5% Heart burn 21.2% Constipation 11.5% Cough 5.7% Othersa 7.7% |
NR | NR |
Orthodox 40.6% Muslim 47.1% Protestant 10.8% Catholic 1.2% Othersa 0.3% |
Oromo 65.0% Amhara 23.5% Somali 2.5% Gurage 2.8% Otherc 6.2% |
| Andy Emmanuel | 2014 | Nigeria | 15–20. 16.6%. 21–25. 37.5%. 26–30. 18.3%. 31–35. 15%. 26–40. 9.16%. > 40. 3.33% |
tertiary 41.6% Secondary 24.2% primary 23.3% 38.2% other 10.8% |
Goverment employee 20.8%. Employee by private busniess 23.3% self employee 25%. Students 12.5%. Unemployee 18.3% | NR | NR | NR | Analgesics 24.1%. Antimalarials 23.4%. Vitamins. 17.3%. Antacid 14.5%. Antibiotics. 16.5%. Heral remides 4.1% |
Headache7fever 33.3% malaria 31.2% Common cold Cough 13.8% urinry tract inection 6.6. %. Gastrointestinal disorders 10% |
NR | dOCTORS ARE SCARE AND EXPENSIVE TO DEE 18.3%. Prior experience about the drug. 22.5%. Illnessess are minor. 35%. No esponse. 13.3%. It's dangerous. 4.1%. It's good 6.6% | NR | NR |
| M. Sarani, S. Saravani | 2017 | Iran | Respiratory diseases 33.4%. Hypertension 26.9%. Diabetes 16.3%. Heart diseases 14.3%. Anemia 7.4%. Gatsrointestinal and psychiatric diseases 1.7% | |||||||||||
| M. J. Twigg1 | 2016 | UK | Mean age 30.5% | Less than high school 0.6% High School 27.9%. More than high school 52.1% Other 19.3% | NR | NR | NR | No previous children 48.0% |
Piperazine derivatives e.g. cyclizine (R06AE) 16.7%. Other drugs for peptic ulcer disease and GORD e.g. alginic acid (Gaviscon) (A02BX). 84% Combinations and complexes of aluminium, calcium and (34.2% H2-receptor antagonists, ranitidine (A02BA) 3.4% Proton pump inhibitors, omeprazole (A02BC). Osmotically acting laxatives e.g. lactulose (A06AD) 66.4% Bulk-forming laxatives e.g. ispaghula (A06AC) 26 (20.2% Contact laxatives e.g. senna (A06AB) 22 (19.3%) |
Nausea 78.6%. Constipation 55.3% Heart burn 74.3% Common cold 55.5% Urinary tract infections 17.1% Headache 62.8% Pain in neck or pelvic girdle 66.5% Sleeping problems 67.6% |
NR | NR | NR | NR |
| D. Courrier | 2015 | france |
< 20 1 (0,3%) 20—29 47,2% 30—39 49,1% ≥ 40 13,4% |
Bac + 5 et plus 29,7% Bac + 3 et 4 22,6% Bac + 1 et 2 24,5% Lycée 20,9% Collège ou moins 2,3% |
Professions intellectuelles supérieures (cadres) 11,8% Professions intermédiaires Professions de santé 17,9% Employées 12,4% Artisanes, ouvrières 38,1% Sans activité 15.6% |
Urban 49.5% Rural 50.5% |
NR |
0 37,6% 1 38,2% 2 15% 3 6,9% 4 et plus 2,3% |
Paracétamol Phloroglucinol Anacides Laxafs Compléments nutrionnels Eléments minéraux Protecteurs cutanés Vitamines Veinotoniques Andiarrhéiques Corcoïdes Anfongiques Carbocystéine An-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens Anbioques An-sécrétoires gastriques Ansepques locaux An-éméques Doxylamine Antipoux |
Céphalées Infecons hivernales (toux, maux de gorge,…) Reflux gastro-oesophagiens Douleurs abdominales Conspaon Lombalgies Contracons utérines Fague Douleurs autres Nausées-vomissements Insomnies Douleurs ligamentaires Douleurs dentaires Fièvre Douleurs hémorroïdaires Anxiété Vergetures Diarrhées Prurit vaginal Herpès Troubles circulatoires Brûlures miconnelles Symptômes en lien avec antécédents Prurit cutané P |
NR | NR |
Franc¸aise (93,8%) Africaine (2,6%) Européenne hors France (2,35) Autre (1,3%) |
|
| Lupattelli | 2014 | Ausralia |
≤ 20 62.3% 21–30 66.8% 31–40 67.4% ≥ 41 68.4% |
Less than high school 69.7% High school 65.6% More than high school66.8% Others, unspecified 70% |
Employed, but not as HCP 65.65% HCP (75.2%) Student 67.4% Housewife 68.9% Job seeker 60.6% Other than above 63.3% |
NR | NR | No 62.6%. Yes 71.2% |
OTC painkillers, Paracetamol (including combinations) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( Acetylsalicylic acid (including combinations) (N02BA) Metamizole (N02BB02) – OTC antacids, Antacids (aluminium, salts combinations, antiflatulents) Alginic acid complex/sucralfate/bismuth (A02BX) H2 receptor antagonists (A02BA) Antacids with calcium (A02AC)) Proton pump inhibitors (A02BC) OTC nasal sprays/drops, By drug group Sympathomimetic nasal decongestants Nasal corticosteroids (R01AD) Nasal immunostimulants (low-dose interferon) OTC laxatives, Osmotically acting laxatives (A06AD) Contact laxatives (A06AB) Enemas (A06AG) Softeners, emollients (A06AA) OTC antinauseants First generation antihistamines (R06A) Metoclopramide/domperidone/bromopride (A03FA) |
NR | NR | NR | NR |
Western Europe 67.6% Northern Europe 76.4%) Eastern Europe 57.5%) North America 64.2% South America 45.1% Australia (77.4% |
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