Table 1.
Infant temperament scores concerning the characteristics of mothers and infants.
| Scale | Positive Affect/Surgency | Negative Emotionality | Orienting/Regulatory Capacity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable 1 | n (%) or Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) or β (95% CI) | p-Value | Mean (SD) or β (95% CI) | p-Value | Mean (SD) or β (95% CI) | p-Value |
| Categorical variable | |||||||
| Maternal education level, n (%) | |||||||
| Did not finish high school | 4 (2.5%) | 5.92 (0.98) | 0.18 | 4.92 (1.05) | 0.22 | 4.90 (1.10) | 0.004 * |
| High school graduate or GED | 23 (14.5%) | 5.74 (0.69) | 4.30 (1.0) | 5.76 (0.53) | |||
| Some college | 40 (25.2%) | 5.59 (0.67) | 4.13 (0.95) | 5.49 (0.70) | |||
| College graduate or above | 92 (57.9%) | 5.46 (0.64) | 4.02 (0.96) | 5.33 (0.67) | |||
| Race of mother, n (%) | |||||||
| White | 126 (80.3%) | 5.46 (0.63) | <0.001 * | 4.02 (0.94) | 0.03 * | 5.29 (0.69) | 0.002 * |
| Black | 21 (13.2%) | 5.82 (0.73) | 4.53 (0.88) | 5.85 (0.58) | |||
| Other | 12 (7.5%) | 6.04 (0.70) | 4.42 (1.25) | 5.66 (0.56) | |||
| Infant sex, n (%) | |||||||
| Male | 84 (52.8%) | 5.72 (0.64) | <0.001 * | 4.14 (0.96) | 0.69 | 5.40 (0.73) | 0.77 |
| Female | 75 (47.2%) | 5.36 (0.65) | 4.08 (0.98) | 5.37 (0.65) | |||
| Breastfeeding status, n (%) | |||||||
| Exclusive breastfeeding | 90 (56.6%) | 5.51 (0.67) | 0.37 | 4.17 (0.95) | 0.68 | 5.35 (0.73) | 0.10 |
| Partial breastfeeding | 26 (16.4%) | 5.72 (0.63) | 4.03 (0.96) | 5.57 (0.76) | |||
| Not breastfeeding | 43 (27.0%) | 5.53 (0.68) | 4.02 (1.02) | 5.49 (0.67) | |||
| Continuous variable | |||||||
| Maternal age (year), mean (SD) | 31.4 (5.1) | −0.03 (−0.05, −0.008) | 0.006 * | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | 0.009 * | −0.006 (−0.03, 0.02) | 0.61 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, mean (SD) | 27.8 (7.2) | 0.01 (−0.005, 0.02) | 0.18 | 0.001 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.96 | 0.01 (−0.002, 0.03) | 0.09 |
| Gestational age at delivery (week), mean (SD) | 38.8 (1.5) | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.10) | 0.38 | 0.02 (−0.08, 0.13) | 0.67 | −0.05 (−0.13, 0.02) | 0.14 |
| Infant age at IBQ measurement (month), mean (SD) | 9.4 (0.7) | 0.004 (−0.001, 0.008) | 0.14 | 0.04 (−0.003, 0.01) | 0.32 | 0.002 (−0.004, 0.007) | 0.55 |
1 Categorical variables are displayed as n (%). The difference in temperament scores between categorical variables was analyzed using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Continuous variables are displayed as a mean (SD). The association between continuous variables and temperament scores were analyzed using univariate linear regression. * p-value < 0.05.