Table 6.
Summary of the treatment options.
| Treatment Option | Therapeutic Target | RCT | UP Reduction | Reno-Protection | AEs | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RAAS-Is | Intraglomerular pressure | Performed | Shown | Shown | Mild | |
| Common pathway of CKD | ||||||
| Progression | ||||||
| Tonsillectomy | Tonsillar lymphoid tissues | Performed | Shown (Japan); | Shown (Japan) | Mild | Available in Japan |
| not shown (Europe) | Not shown (Europe) | |||||
| Dapagliflozin | Tubular SGLT2 | Performed | shown | Shown | Mild | |
| Common pathway of CKD | ||||||
| Progression | ||||||
| Empagliflozin | Tubular SGLT2 | Performed | Not performed | Shown | Mild | |
| Common pathway of CKD | Data from CKD patients | |||||
| Progression | IgAN (25%) | |||||
| Cellular immunity | Performed | Shown | Shown | * Infection, diabetes, death | ||
| Glucocorticoid | Humoral immunity | Moderate–severe | ||||
| (prednisolone) | Inflammation | With high dose * | ||||
| TRF-budesonide | Gut lymphoid tissues | Performed | Shown | Shown | Severe with high dose * | * Infection, deep vein thrombosis |
| VIS649 | APRIL (B cell) | Performed | Shown | Not shown | Mild | |
| BION-1301 | APRIL (B cell) | Performed | Confirmed | Not shown | Mild | |
| Bortezomib | Plasma cell (CD38) | Not performed | Shown * | Not shown | Mild | * Patients with T score of 0 on the Oxford classification |
| Felzartamab | Plasma cell (CD38) | Ongoing * | Not shown | Not shown | Not shown | * Phase 2 study |
| Mezagitamab | Plasma cell (CD38) | Not performed * | Not shown | not shown | Not shown | * Phase 1 study |
| Eculizumab | Complement C5 | Not performed | Not performed | Not performed | Not performed | Too expensive |
| IONIS-FB-LRx | Complement Factor B | Ongoing * | Shown | Not performed | Mild | * Phase 2 study interlim results |
| Atrasentan | Endothelin (ETA receptor) | Performed | Shown | Not performed | Mild–moderate | |
| Sparsentan | Endothelin (ETA receptor) | Performed * | Shown | Not performed | Mild | * Phase 3 study |
| Angiotensin receptor |
Abbreviations: RAAS-Is, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors; SGLT2, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2; RCT, randomized controlled trial; APRIL, A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand; CKD, chronic kidney disease.