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. 2023 Dec 29;16(1):59. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010059

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Milestones of selected mRNA vaccine research and development. At present, two mRNA vaccines are being tested in clinical trials for treating HCC combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Some potential tumor-specific antigens for novel mRNA vaccine have also been reported by several preclinical studies.