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. 2023 Dec 28;15(12):e51228. doi: 10.7759/cureus.51228

Figure 1. The pathways of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generating.

Figure 1

Copyright/license: This figure has been modified from an open-source article [123] distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons CC BY license.

ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GR: glutathione reductase; GSH: reduced glutathione; GSSG: oxidized glutathione; L-Arg: L-arginine; L-Cit: L-citrulline; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen; NO: nitric oxide; NOS: nitric oxide synthase; O2−: superoxide radical; ONOO−: peroxynitrite; SOD: superoxide dismutase.