Table 1.
Baseline characteristics stratified by definite antimicrobial therapy
| Definite carbapenem treatment (n = 162) | Definite cefepime treatment (n = 77) | p-value | Missing data (n = 239) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/ median | %/ IQR | n/ median | %/IQR | n / % | ||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age | 70.5 | 59.0–79.0 | 70.0 | 60.5–78.0 | 0.923 | 0 / 0.0 |
| Female gender | 59 | 36.4 | 25 | 32.5 | 0.566 | 0 / 0.0 |
| Admission from | 0.297 | 0 / 0.0 | ||||
| Home | 103 | 63.6 | 58 | 75.3 | ||
| Acute care hospital (Switzerland) | 45 | 27.8 | 12 | 15.6 | ||
| Long-term care facility | 6 | 3.7 | 4 | 5.2 | ||
| Nursing home | 3 | 1.9 | 2 | 2.6 | ||
| Residency abroad | 4 | 2.5 | 1 | 1.3 | ||
| Acute care hospital abroad | 1 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
| Ward group | 0.276 | 0 / 0.0 | ||||
| Surgery | 61 | 37.7 | 21 | 27.3 | ||
| Medicine | 74 | 45.7 | 42 | 54.5 | ||
| Other | 27 | 16.7 | 14 | 18.2 | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index Score | 3.0 | 1.0–4.0 | 2.0 | 2.0–4.5 | 0.734 | 0 / 0.0 |
| Elixhauser Comorbidity Score | 10.0 | 4.0–15.0 | 9.0 | 4.5–13.0 | 0.782 | 0 / 0.0 |
| Solid organ transplantation | 5 | 3.1 | 3 | 3.9 | 0.715 | 0 /0.0 |
| Stem cell transplantation | 5 | 3.1 | 3 | 3.9 | 0.716 | 1 / 0.4 |
| Exposures | ||||||
| Previous antibiotic treatment a | 102 | 69.4 | 42 | 60.0 | 0.219 | 22 / 9.2 |
| Previous PPI therapy a | 101 | 62.7 | 47 | 61.8 | 0.887 | 2 / 0.8 |
| History of immunosuppression b | 41 | 25.3 | 25 | 32.5 | 0.279 | 0 / 0.0 |
| Microbiological history | ||||||
| Colonization or infection with any resistant pathogen c | 12 | 7.4 | 4 | 5.2 | 0.593 | 30 / 12.5 |
| ESBL-producing bacteria | 9 | 5.6 | 2 | 2.6 | ||
| Carbapenemase-producing bacteria | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
| Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
| Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | 1 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
| Others | 3 | 1.9 | 2 | 2.6 | ||
| Colonization or infection with Clostridioides difficile c | 9 | 5.6 | 3 | 3.9 | ||
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Focus of infection | 0.014 | 3 / 1.3 | ||||
| Urogenital | 30 | 18.8 | 17 | 22.4 | ||
| Skin/ Soft tissue | 11 | 6.9 | 10 | 13.2 | ||
| Bone | 1 | 0.6 | 1 | 1.3 | ||
| Abdominal | 18 | 11.3 | 11 | 14.5 | ||
| Pulmonal | 16 | 10.0 | 4 | 5.3 | ||
| Central venous catheter | 29 | 18.1 | 3 | 3.9 | ||
| Others (incl. unclear) | 55 | 34.4 | 30 | 39.5 | ||
| ICU transfer d | 56 | 35.0 | 9 | 11.8 | < 0.001 | 3 / 1.3 |
| Vasopressor d | 38 | 23.8 | 6 | 7.9 | 0.004 | 3 / 1.3 |
| Mechanical ventilation d | 35 | 21.9 | 6 | 7.9 | 0.009 | 3 / 1.3 |
| Systolic blood pressure ≤ 100mmHgd | 82 | 51.6 | 31 | 40.8 | 0.128 | 4 / 1.7 |
| Highest body temperature e | 38.0 | 37.2–38.7 | 38.3 | 37.1–38.9 | 0.436 | 6 / 2.5 |
| Treatment characteristics | ||||||
| Adequate empirical therapy | 125 | 77.2 | 61 | 79.2 | 0.868 | 0 / 0.0 |
| Source control achieved f | 63 | 39.4 | 22 | 28.9 | 0.147 | 3 / 1.3 |
Abbreviations: ICU intensive care unit, IQR interquartile range, ESBL extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, n number, PPI proton pump inhibitor
ain the prior 3 months, bin the prior 12 months, c in the prior 6 months, dwithin 24 h of bloodstream infection onset, ewithin 12 h before or after blood sample, fwithin 5 days