Table 1.
Overview of Measures.
| Domain | Measure | Subscale used and/or version notes | N of items | Sample item | Response format | Scoring and interpretation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Optimism | Engagement perseverance optimism connectedness happiness (EPOCH-O) | Optimism subscale (Kern et al., 2016) | 4 | I am optimistic about my future | Almost never, sometimes, often, very often, always | Sum score, higher score = greater optimism |
| Autonomy | Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS-A) | Autonomy subscale (Deci & Ryan, 2000) | 6 | I have enough choice about how I spend my time | 1 = completely not true to 5 = completely true | Sum score, higher score = greater autonomy; 2 items reverse scored |
| Mental well-being | Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (SWEMWBS) | Stewart-Brown et al. (2009) | 7 | I’ve been thinking clearly | None of the time, rarely, some of the time, often, all of the time | Sum score, higher score = greater mental well-being |
| Self-esteem | Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSS) | 5-item short version for adolescents deployed in Millennium Cohort Study (Schoon et al., 2015) | 5 | I feel good about myself | Strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree | Sum score, higher score = higher self-esteem |
| Stress | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4) | 4-item short version (Cohen et al., 1983) | 4 | In the last month, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life? | Never, almost never, sometimes, fairly often, very often | Sum score, higher score = higher stress; 2 items reverse scored |
| Emotion regulation | Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire Adolescent Short Form (TEIQue-ASF-ER) | Emotion regulation subscale (Petrides et al., 2006) | 6 | I can control my anger when I want to | 1 = completely disagree to 7 = completely agree | Sum score, higher score = higher emotion regulation; 3 items reverse scored |
| Internalizing symptoms | Me and My Feelings scale (M&MF-I) | Emotional difficulties subscale; measure also referred to as Me and My School (Deighton et al., 2013) | 10 | I worry a lot | Never, sometimes, always | Sum score, higher score = higher internalizing symptoms; scores can be organized into three bands (normal, borderline, clinically significant) |
| Positive affect | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule: Child Version (PANAS-C-PA) | Positive affect subscale (Ebesutani et al., 2012) | 5 | Indicate to what extent you have felt happy during the past few weeks | Very slightly or not at all, a little, moderately, quite a bit, extremely | Sum score, higher score = greater positive affect |
| Life satisfaction | Office for National Statistics (ONS) Life Satisfaction item (Office for National Statistics [ONS], 2018) | Taken from ONS4 personal well-being item bank | 1 | Overall, how satisfied are you with your life nowadays? | 0 = not at all to 10 = completely | Higher score = greater life satisfaction |
Note. Life satisfaction item included in convergent validity analysis only.