Table 1.

Study characteristics and risk of bias assessment.

Study	Study design	Tourniquet use*	Trauma/elective	Upper/lower limb	N	Bias
Reilly et al. (65)	RCT	Primary	Elective	Lower limb	21	Low
Tamai et al. (69)	RCS	Secondary	Both	Lower limb	100	High
Goodarzi et al. (47)	Experimental study	Primary	Elective	Lower limb	30	Low
Eidelman et al. (66)	Experimental study	Primary	Both	Both	43	High
Ida et al. (61)	Case report	Primary	Elective	Lower limb	1	High
Saw et al. (51)	Case report	Primary	Trauma	Lower limb	1	High
Goodarzi et al. (46)	Case–control study	Secondary	Not specified	Lower limb	40	Moderate
Bloch et al. (44)	Case–control study	Primary	Both	Lower limb	47	High
Ashraf et al. (68)	Case series	Secondary	Both	Lower limb	1002	Low
Lynn et al. (45)	Case series	Primary	Elective	Both	15	Low
Prakash et al. (73)	Case series	Secondary	Elective	Lower limb	75	Low
Tareco et al. (76)	Case series	Secondary	Elective	Lower limb	30	Low
Hanlon et al. (56)	Case series	Primary	Elective	Lower limb	28	Low
Tredwell et al. (55)	Case series	Primary	Elective	Both	2	Moderate
Lieberman et al. (64)	Case series	Primary	Not specified	Both	29	Moderate
Silver et al. (57)	Case series	Primary	Elective	Both	8	Moderate
Inan et al. (53)	Case series	Secondary	Elective	Lower limb	28	Moderate
Misra et al. (48)	Case series	Primary	Elective	Both	2	High
Hodgins et al. (58)	Case series	Primary	Elective	Lower limb	2	High
Dickinson et al. (59)	Case series	Primary	Elective	Upper limb	3	High
Kang et al. (67)	Case series	Primary	Elective	Upper limb	113	High
Murphy et al. (60)	Case series	Secondary	Elective	Lower limb	2783	High
Zampieri et al. (70)	Cohort study	Secondary	Elective	Lower Limb	57	High
Lindgren et al. (71)	Cohort study	Secondary	Trauma	Upper Limb	24	High
Hanna et al. (62)	Cohort study	Primary	Both	Lower limb	204	Low
Baghdadi et al. (77)	Cohort study	Secondary	Trauma	Upper limb	204	Low
Reinhardt et al. (78)	Cohort study	Secondary	Trauma	Upper limb	31	Moderate
Yalcinkaya et al. (54)	Cohort study	Secondary	Trauma	Upper limb	45	Moderate
Watts et al. (79)	Cohort study	Secondary	Trauma	Lower limb	31	Moderate
Cai et al. (80)	Cohort study	Secondary	Trauma	Upper limb	32	Moderate
Bloch et al. (43)	Cohort study	Primary	Elective	Lower limb	56	High
Jardaly et al. (52)	Cohort study	Secondary	Trauma	Lower limb	95	High
Oginni & Rufai (42)	Cohort study	Primary	Elective	Both	39	High
Ryan et al. (81)	RR	Secondary	Elective	Both	197	Moderate
Sullivan et al. (40)	RR	Secondary	Both	Both	37	Moderate
Vas et al. (63)	RR	Secondary	Elective	Lower limb	160	Moderate
Ross et al. (41)	RR	Primary	Not specified	Both	49	Moderate
Schrock et al. (49)	RR	Secondary	Elective	Lower limb	42	High
Slawski et al. (50)	RR	Secondary	Elective	Lower limb	255	High

*Tourniquet use as a primary or secondary outcome.

RCT, randomised controlled trial; RCS, retrospective comparative study; RR, retrospective review.