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. 2024 Jan 28;22:41. doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-02298-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 12 — Exosomes act as vectors to regulate the tumor microenvironment. A Exosomes loaded with STAT6-targeted ASO reprogrammed M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) from tumor-promoting M2 to anti-tumor M1 by knocking down STAT6. Reproduced with permission. [205] Copyright 2022, Kamerkar, Leng, Burenkova, et al. B ExoCe6 + R848 improves the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. (i) Flow cytometry images and proportions of Treg cells (CD4 + FOXP3 +) in different treatment groups. (ii) Flow cytometry images and proportions of M1 (CD86) and M2 (CD206) in different treatment groups. (iii) Immunofluorescence staining and statistical results of Foxp3 and CD4 in tumor sections of different treatment groups. (iv) Immunofluorescence staining and statistical results of CD86 and F4/80 in tumor sections of different treatment groups. (v) Immunofluorescence staining and statistical results of CD206 and F4/80 in tumor sections of different treatment groups. Scale = 50 μm. Reproduced with permission. [140] Copyright 2022, Informa UK Limited