Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with T2DM by age
| Variables | Total (N = 3,376) |
< 65 yrs (N = 1,971) |
≥ 65 yrs (N = 1,405) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yrs) | 62 (51, 70) | 53 (45, 60) | 72 (68, 78) | < 0.001 |
| Male | 1,750 (51.84%) | 1,015 (51.50%) | 735 (52.31%) | 0.665 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.7 (26.7, 35.8) | 31.9 (27.5, 37.6) | 29.3 (25.9, 33.1) | < 0.001 |
| Ethnicity | < 0.001 | |||
| Mexican American | 692 (20.5%) | 443 (22.5%) | 249 (17.7%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 816 (24.2%) | 523 (26.5%) | 293 (20.9% | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1,166 (34.5%) | 560 (28.4%) | 606 (43.1%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 358 (10.6%) | 230 (11.7%) | 128 (9.1%) | |
| Other Race | 344 (10.2%) | 215 (10.9%) | 129 (9.2%) | |
| Educational level | < 0.001 | |||
| Less than high school | 1229 (36.40%) | 628 (31.86%) | 601 (42.78%) | |
| High school or equivalent | 787 (23.31%) | 466 (23.64%) | 321 (22.85%) | |
| College or above | 1360 (40.28%) | 877 (44.50%) | 483 (34.38%) | |
| Current smoking | 587 (17.39%) | 459 (23.29%) | 128 (9.11%) | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Congestive heart failure | 263 (7.79%) | 88 (4.46%) | 175 (12.46%) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 479 (14.19%) | 184 (9.34%) | 295 (21.00%) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 2678 (79.32%) | 1393 (70.67%) | 1285 (91.46%) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke | 239 (7.08%) | 85 (4.31%) | 154 (10.96%) | < 0.001 |
| CKD | 541 (16.0%) | 105 (5.3%) | 436 (31.0%) | < 0.001 |
| IR indices | ||||
| TyG | 9.10 (8.67, 9.55) | 9.15 (8.72, 9.65) | 9.02 (8.58, 9.45) | < 0.001 |
| TyG group | < 0.001 | |||
| < 8.82 | 1,124 (33.29%) | 599 (30.39%) | 525 (37.37%) | |
| 8.82–9.37 | 1,124 (33.29%) | 639 (32.42%) | 485 (34.52%) | |
| > 9.37 | 1,128 (33.41%) | 733 (37.19%) | 395 (28.11%) | |
| HOMA-IR | 4.84 (2.73, 8.42) | 5.50 (3.11, 9.42) | 4.15 (2.33, 6.92) | < 0.001 |
| QUICKI | 0.30 (0.28, 0.33) | 0.30 (0.28, 0.32) | 0.31 (0.29, 0.34) | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-β |
70.09 (37.85, 123.04) |
75.14 (37.66, 134.35) |
65.06 (38.56, 109.67) |
0.002 |
| Laboratory measurements | ||||
| HbA1c (%) | 6.6 (6.0, 7.7) | 6.7 (6.0, 8.1) | 6.5 (6.0, 7.3) | < 0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 133 (115, 167) | 136 (116, 178) | 131 (114, 157) | < 0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 127 (90, 184) | 131 (93, 193) | 123 (86, 175) | < 0.001 |
| Insulin (uU/mL) | 13.7 (8.3, 22.9) | 15.2 (8.9, 25.2) | 12.1 (7.6, 19.8) | < 0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.1 (3.9, 4.4) | 4.1 (3.9, 4.4) | 4.1 (3.9, 4.4) | 0.909 |
| Serum creatinine (umol/L) | 76 (62, 92) | 71 (59, 84) | 84 (71, 106) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/1.73m2*min) | 89 (69, 103) | 99 (85, 110) | 72 (56, 87) | < 0.001 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 12.4 (6.6, 41.9) | 11.0 (5.9, 31.1) | 16.2 (7.6, 57.6) | < 0.001 |
| UACR category | < 0.001 | |||
| <10 mg/g | 1397 (41.38%) | 904 (45.87%) | 493 (35.09%) | |
| 10 ~ < 30 mg/g | 973 (28.82%) | 563 (28.56%) | 410 (29.18%) | |
| 30 ~ < 300 mg/g | 766 (22.69%) | 370 (18.77%) | 396 (28.19%) | |
| ≥ 300 mg/g | 240 (7.11%) | 134 (6.80%) | 106 (7.54%) | |
| Uric acid (umol/L) |
339.0 (279.6, 398.5) |
333.1 (273.6, 392.6) |
350.9 (297.4, 410.4) |
< 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.8 (4.1, 5.5) | 4.9 (4.2, 5.6) | 4.6 (3.9, 5.4) | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.7 (2.1, 3.4) | 2.9 (2.3, 3.5) | 2.5 (1.9, 3.2) | < 0.001 |
| Medications | ||||
| Glucose lowering drug | 1,902 (56.34%) | 1,073 (54.44%) | 829 (59.00%) | 0.009 |
| Insulin drug | 257 (7.61%) | 143 (7.26%) | 114 (8.11%) | 0.389 |
| Metformin | 924 (27.37%) | 567 (28.77%) | 357 (25.41%) | 0.034 |
| Anti-hypertension drug | 2,144 (63.51%) | 1,025 (52.00%) | 1,119 (79.64%) | < 0.001 |
| Statins | 1,385 (41.02%) | 654 (33.18%) | 731 (52.03%) | < 0.001 |
| Aspirin | 122 (3.61%) | 48 (2.44%) | 74 (5.27%) | < 0.001 |
| Fibrates | 46 (1.36%) | 28 (1.42%) | 18 (1.28%) | 0.846 |
Values are number (percentage), or median (25th-75th percentile)
BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glucated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; IR, insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; UACR, urine albumin-creatinine ratio