Fig 5. Oscillatory brain activity in frontal electrodes associated with unsigned prediction error during feedback.

(A) Time-frequency chart in frontal electrodes for the correlation between oscillatory power and unsigned prediction error is given by τ_i = 0 model (uPE-P_{all(τi = 0)}), τ_i = 1 (uPE-P_{all(τi = 1)}) model, and de join effect of 2 models for both Vertex TMS stimulation and the difference between vertex TMS and parietal TMS stimulation (TMS effect). The highlighted areas indicate time-frequency epochs showing significant modulation (without time-frequency a priori, whole-scalp cluster-based permutation test, CTD: p < 0.05 Wilcoxon test). Scalp topographies show oscillatory activity in the delta range. (B) Source estimation for delta activity correlated with unsigned prediction error given by τ_i = 0 model (uPE-P_{all(τi = 0)}) for Vertex and TMS effect. Sources that survive multiple comparison corrections are shown (FDR q < 0.05). The highlighted areas (green and red lines in the inserts) represent the coincident areas for EEG source estimation and BOLD activity for the fMRI experiment. All source results are shown in a high-resolution mesh only for visualization purposes. (C) A separate analysis of delta activity for TMS stimulation in the IPS and PPC and the differences between them. The data underlying this figure can be found at https://osf.io/zd3g7/. CTD, cluster threshold detection; FDR, false discovery rate; IPS, intraparietal sulcus; PPC, posterior parietal cortex.