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. 2024 Jan 30;16:9. doi: 10.1038/s41368-023-00267-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 9 — Lactate promotes the transition of fibroblasts to iCAF. a Violin plot showing the expression of Cluster 0 in different metabolic regions in the ST data. Expression in hypermetabolic regions was higher than that in hypometabolic regions. b Metabolic activity scores of pyruvate metabolism and citric acid cycle in fibroblasts in different metabolic regions. Pyruvate metabolic activity increased gradually with increasing metabolic activity. c Top 10 KEGG functional pathways of predicted target genes of fibroblasts through Nichenet analysis. d HIF1A expression in tumor-infiltrating fibroblast spots in different metabolic regions. HIF1A expression was higher in hypermetabolic regions. e Correlation scatter plot of HIF1A expression and CXCL12 expression in tumor-infiltrating fibroblast spots. f RT-qPCR analysis of iCAF markers (PDGFRA, RGS5), HIF1A, and CXCL12 expression in 2 CAF cell lines after 72 h of treatment with lactate. g Immunofluorescence staining shows the co-localization of iCAF (PDGFRA and IL-6), CXCL12 and hypermetabolic regions (LDHA) in OSCC