Table 1.

Some problems encountering petroleum industry during different processes

The process	The difficulties	Proposed solutions	Ref.
Production	The well rate, lift-gas rate, flow interaction, pipeline system deliverability, surface facility capacity for handling fluids, safety, and financial factors. Creation of water-in-crude-oil emulsions	Modifying lift-gas allocation rates, well rates of production, and production optimization, Demulsification	Pengju et al. (2002); Dhandhi et al. (2022)
Transportation	Corrosion of the pipelines Deposition of wax crystals Oil spills	Demulsification, dewaxing Addition of pour point depressants, physical and chemical methods of treatment	Abdel-Azim (2010); Abdul-Raheim et al. (2013a); Atta et al. (2013, 2006, 2004); Hart (2014); Iroha et al. (2021); Tripathy et al. (2021)
Refining	Gas flaring	The elimination of waste gases from the production stream and their subsequent flaring.	Sojinu and Ejeromedoghene (2019)
Storage	Tank bottom sludge	Different treatment methods	Azim et al. (2011); Emam (2015)