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. 2024 Jan 16;12:1309946. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1309946

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

The potential mechanisms of MSC-Exos for OA treatment. MSC-Exos mitigate OA through stimulating cell proliferation, preventing apoptosis, triggering anti-inflammatory responses, modulating the immune system, and preserving the ECM equilibrium (Created with BioRender.com).