Table 1.
Characteristics of participants.
| Characteristics | Total (%) N = 5386 | Participants without CC (%)N = 4648 | Participants with CC (%) N =738 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 2,904 (53.9) | 2,636 (56.7) | 268 (36.3) | <0.001 |
| Female | 2,482 (46.1) | 2,012 (43.3) | 470 (63.7) | |
| Obesity | ||||
| No | 4,945 (91.8) | 4,263 (91.7) | 682 (92.4) | 0.53 |
| Yes | 440 (8.2) | 384 (8.3) | 56 (7.6) | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| No | 5,323 (98.8) | 4,593 (98.8) | 730 (98.9) | 0.82 |
| Yes | 63 (1.2) | 55 (1.2) | 8 (1.1) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| No | 5,150 (95.6) | 4,438 (95.5) | 712 (96.5) | 0.22 |
| Yes/ever | 236 (4.4) | 210 (4.5) | 26 (3.5) | |
| Family history of CC | ||||
| No | 4,518 (83.9) | 4,019 (86.5) | 499 (67.6) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 868 (16.1) | 629 (13.5) | 239 (32.4) | |
| Physical exercises | ||||
| No | 1,613 (29.9) | 1,346 (29.9) | 267 (36.2) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 3,773 (70.1) | 3,302 (71) | 471 (63.8) | |
| Breakfast | ||||
| No | 692 (12.8) | 606 (13) | 86 (11.7) | 0.23 |
| Yes | 4,694 (87.2) | 4,042 (87) | 652 (88.3) | |
| Sleep duration | ||||
| ≤ 6 h/day | 2,326 (43.2) | 1,963 (42.2) | 363 (49.2) | <0.001 |
| >6 h/day | 3,060 (56.8) | 2,685 (57.8) | 375 (50.8) | |
| BDI | ||||
| 0–18 | 5,087 (94.4) | 4,437 (95.5) | 650 (88.1) | |
| 19–29 | 238 (4.4) | 167 (3.6) | 71 (9.6) | <0.001 |
| ≥30 | 61 (1.1) | 44 (0.9) | 17 (2.3) | 0.001 |
| EAT-26 | ||||
| <20 | 5,330 (99) | 4,605 (99.1) | 725 (98.2) | 0.037 |
| ≥20 | 56 (1) | 43 (0.9) | 13 (1.8) | |
| BITE | ||||
| <20 | 5,325 (98.9) | 4,607 (99.1) | 718 (97.3) | <0.001 |
| ≥20 | 61 (1.1) | 41 (0.9) | 20 (2.7) | |
CC, chronic constipation; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; EAT-26, Eating Attitudes Test-26; BITE, Bulimic Investigatory Test.