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Working model of XCP1–CYS6-mediated regulation of RBOHD. In the resting state, RBOHD is phosphorylated and ubiquitinated by PBL13 and PIRE, respectively. Ubiquitinated RBOHD relocates to the vacuole through endocytosis, where it can be degraded by XCP1. After pathogen infection, CYS6 inhibits the activity of XCP1 and results in RBOHD accumulation. At the same time, RBOHD is activated by phosphorylation mediated by CDPKs, BIK1, CRK2, and SIK1 to enhance ROS production.
