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. 2024 Jan 1;7:100175. doi: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100175

Table 1.

Recently emerging plant extracts with antibiofilm activity.

Source Extract Strain MIC (μg/mL) Biofilm formation inhibition Mature biofilm disruption Target In vivo Ref.
Acacia macrostachya Stem barks, MeOH S. aureus >500 >60 %,
3.9 μg/mL		 NS QS N [118]
Allium subhirsutum Bulbs, H2O S. aureus 10000 56.21 %,
10 mg/mL		 NS QS N [116]
Aphanamixis polystachya Leaves,
DCM, MeOH		 MRSA 6700 >40 %,
125 μg/mL		 >20 %,
125 μg/mL		 NS N [115]
Artocarpus heterophyllus Heartwood, EtOH MRSA 31.2–62.5 60 %,
31.2 μg/mL		 NS NS N [134]
Azadirachta indica Leaves,
EtOH		 MRSA 1000 78.2–91.8 %,
1∼32 mg/mL		 NS NS N [113]
Capsicum annuum Fruits,
MeOH		 S. aureus 64 53.8 %,
64 μg/mL		 NS NS Y [114]
Catharanthus roseus Flowers,
EtOH		 MRSA 1000 54.5–99.7 %,
1∼32 mg/mL		 NS NS N [113]
Cistus laurifolius, C. monspeliensis, C. parviflorus, C. salviifolius Leaves,
EtOH		 S. aureus 128∼256 NS NS NS N [111]
Crithmum maritimum Leaves,
EtOH		 S. aureus NS 82 %,
1 mg/mL		 NS NS N [112]
Croton blanchetianus Leaves,
H2O		 MRSA 780 100 %,
780 μg/mL		 NS NS N [103]
Croton conduplicatus Leaves,
H2O		 MRSA 512 22 %,
512 μg/mL		 27 %,
512 μg/mL		 NS N [104]
Cuminum cyminum Seeds,
H2O		 MDR S. aureus 1.25–5 NS NS QS N [105]
Eruca sativa Plants,
EtOH		 S. aureus 125 67.5 %,
125 μg/mL		 73.45 %,
125 μg/mL		 EPS; SrtA N [121]
Glycyrrhiza glabra Plants,
EtOH		 S. aureus NS NS 99.7 %,
400 μg/mL		 NS N [137]
Gmelina arborea Leaves,
H2O		 S. aureus 90 46 %,
1 mg/mL		 NS NS N [149]
Illicium verum Fruits,
MeOH		 MDR S. aureus 4800 74 %,
2.4 mg/mL		 NS AgrA, SarA N [119]
Melia azedarach Leaves,
DCM, MeOH		 MRSA 2420 >50 %,
125 μg/mL		 >60 %,
125 μg/mL		 NS N [115]
Myrsine umbellata Leaves,
H2O, EtOH		 S. aureus 1250 NS 84.28 %,
1.25 mg/mL		 NS N [106]
Origanum vulgare Commercial S. aureus 48 >40 %,
6 μg/mL		 54.05 %,
192 μg/mL		 QS N [107]
Polyalthia longifolia Leaves,
MeOH, EtOH		 MRSA 39∼78 99.5 %,
39 μg/mL		 NS NS N [135]
Viburnum opulus Fruits/barks, acetone, EtOH S. aureus ≥1000 ∼20.4 %,
100 μg/mL		 NS SrtA; SpA N [120]

N, no; Y, yes; NS, not specified; DCM, dichloromethane; MeOH, methanol; EtOH, ethanol; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MRSA: methicillin-resistant S. aureus; MDR, multidrug-resistant.