Table 1.
The characteristics of study participants
| All participants (n = 560) | Males (n = 276, 49.3%) | Females (n = 284, 50.7%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chronological age (years); mean (SD) | 74.5 (4.2) | 74.5 (4.2) | 74.5 (4.2) |
| Epigenetic age (years) | |||
| HorvathAge; mean (SD) | 70.6 (6.1) | 71.0 (6.1) | 70.1 (6.0) |
| HannumAge; mean (SD) | 59.5 (6.1) | 60.4 (6.1) | 58.6 (6.0) |
| PhenoAge; mean (SD) | 58.9 (7.7) | 59.7 (7.7) | 58.1 (7.6) |
| GrimAge; mean (SD) | 70.1 (5.0) | 71.5 (5.1) | 68.6 (4.5) |
| GrimAge2; mean (SD) | 74.1 (5.3) | 75.4 (5.5) | 72.8 (4.8) |
| DunedinPACE; mean (SD) | 0.97 (0.11) | 0.99 (0.11) | 0.95 (0.11) |
| Epigenetic age acceleration (AA, years) | |||
| HorvathAA; mean (SD) | 0.08 (4.96) | 0.49 (4.96) | − 0.31 (4.92) |
| HannumAA; mean (SD) | 0.07 (4.84) | 0.79 (5.04) | − 0.64 (4.54) |
| PhenoAA; mean (SD) | 0.09 (6.37) | 0.76 (6.46) | − 0.55 (6.21) |
| GrimAA; mean (SD) | 0.02 (3.52) | 1.35 (3.34) | − 1.27 (3.19) |
| Grim2AA; mean (SD) | 0.02 (4.04) | 1.16 (3.99) | − 1.08 (3.78) |
| Other measures of biological aging | |||
| Mean brain agea; mean (SD) | 72.1 (6.9) | 72.1 (7.4) | 72.1 (6.4) |
| Brain-PADa; mean (SD) | − 1.50 (6.05) | − 1.70 (6.39) | − 1.27 (5.67) |
| Deficit accumulation frailty index; mean (SD) | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.12 (0.06) |
| Participants’ characteristics | |||
| Years of education; n (%) | |||
| < 12 years | 234 (41.8) | 111 (40.2) | 123 (43.3) |
| ≥ 12 years | 326 (58.2) | 165 (59.8) | 161 (56.7) |
| Living situation; n (%) | |||
| At home alone | 159 (28.4) | 47 (17.0) | 112 (39.4) |
| With family or others | 401 (71.6) | 229 (83.0) | 172 (60.6) |
| Socioeconomic status (SES)b; n (%) | |||
| Very low | 48 (8.6) | 23 (8.4) | 25 (8.8) |
| Low | 44 (7.9) | 19 (6.9) | 25 (8.8) |
| Middle | 85 (15.2) | 43 (15.6) | 42 (14.8) |
| High | 121 (21.7) | 61 (22.2) | 60 (21.1) |
| Very high | 261 (46.7) | 129 (46.9) | 132 (46.5) |
| Smoking; n (%) | |||
| Never | 312 (55.7) | 129 (46.7) | 183 (64.4) |
| Former | 227 (40.5) | 135 (48.9) | 92 (32.4) |
| Current | 21 (3.8) | 12 (4.4) | 9 (3.2) |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | |||
| Never | 80 (14.3) | 25 (9.1) | 55 (19.4) |
| Former | 21 (3.8) | 12 (4.4) | 9 (3.2) |
| Current-low riskc | 336 (60.0) | 158 (57.3) | 178 (62.7) |
| Current-high riskd | 123 (22.0) | 81 (29.4) | 42 (14.8) |
| Clinical measures | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg); mean (SD) | 137.8 (16.0) | 140.7 (15.3) | 134.9 (16.2) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg); mean (SD) | 75.8 (10.2) | 77.3 (10.1) | 74.2 (10.0) |
| Grip strength (kg)e; mean (SD) | 28.5 (9.9) | 35.9 (7.6) | 21.3 (5.6) |
| Gait speed (m/s); mean (SD) | 1.1 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) |
| Self-reported health outcomes | |||
| Self-rated health; n (%) | |||
| Excellent | 89 (15.9) | 43 (15.6) | 46 (16.2) |
| Very good | 279 (49.8) | 133 (48.2) | 146 (51.4) |
| Good | 172 (30.7) | 90 (32.6) | 82 (28.9) |
| Fair | 19 (3.4) | 10 (3.6) | 9 (3.2) |
| Poor | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) |
| Health-related quality of life | |||
| Physical component score; mean (SD) | 48.5 (8.7) | 49.3 (8.1) | 47.7 (9.1) |
| Mental component score; mean (SD) | 55.5 (7.4) | 56.1 (6.4) | 54.9 (8.2) |
| Chronic conditions | |||
| Hypertension; n (%) | |||
| Yes | 381 (68.0) | 197 (71.4) | 184 (64.8) |
| No | 179 (32.0) | 79 (28.6) | 100 (35.2) |
| Diabetes; n (%) | |||
| Yes | 65 (11.6) | 43 (15.6) | 22 (7.8) |
| No | 495 (88.4) | 233 (84.4) | 262 (92.3) |
| Dyslipidemia; n (%) | |||
| Yes | 351 (62.7) | 140 (50.7) | 211 (74.3) |
| No | 209 (37.3) | 136 (49.3) | 73 (25.7) |
| Obesityf; n (%) | |||
| Yes | 151 (27.1) | 70 (25.6) | 81 (28.6) |
| No | 406 (72.9) | 204 (74.5) | 202 (71.4) |
| Chronic kidney diseaseg; n (%) | |||
| Yes | 107 (20.4) | 53 (20.4) | 54 (20.4) |
| No | 418 (79.6) | 207 (79.6) | 211 (79.6) |
| Depression; n (%) | |||
| Yes | 57 (10.2) | 26 (9.4) | 31 (10.9) |
| No | 503 (89.8) | 250 (90.6) | 253 (89.1) |
aNumbers of participants, total n = 400, males n = 209, and females n = 191
bSES, total n = 559, males n = 275, and females n = 284
cCurrent-low risk, ≤ 10 standard drinks per week and ≤ 4 standard drinks on any 1 day
dCurrent-high risk, > 10 standard drinks per week or > 4 standard drinks on any 1 day
eGrip strength, total n = 558, males n = 275, and females n = 283
fObesity, total n = 557, males n = 274, and females n = 283
gChronic kidney disease, total n = 525, males n = 260, and females n = 265