Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of SLAS study participants (N = 4551) by curry consumption levels at baseline
| Never or rarely | Occasional | Often | Very Often | Daily | Crude | Adjusted* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never or < once/year | > once/year, < once/month | > once/month, < once/week | > once/week, not daily | ≥ once daily | p | P | |
| N of participants | 828 | 2060 | 1006 | 514 | 143 | ||
| Sex: Women | 68.5 (567) | 66.1 (1361) | 60.4 (608) | 52.5 (270) | 52.5 (81) | < 0.001c | |
| Age, years | 68.1 ± 8.2 | 65.9 ± 7.3 | 65.6 ± 7.3 | 64.9 ± 7.2 | 66.8 ± 7.6 | 0.001b | |
| Ethnicity: Chinese | 97.0 (803) | 94.4 (1945) | 90.3 (908) | 72.9 (375) | 63.6 (91) | ||
| Malay, Indian and Other | 3.0 (25) | 5.6 (115) | 9.8 (98) | 27.1 (139) | 36.4 (52) | < 0.001c | |
| Education: 0 years | 28.1 (233) | 16.3 (336) | 13.8 (139) | 13.4 (69) | 23.8 (34) | < 0.001 | |
| 1–6 years | 41.2 (341) | 38.8 (800) | 34.3 (345) | 33.7 (173) | 41.3 (59) | ||
| > 6 years | 30.7 (254) | 44.9 (924) | 51.9 (522) | 52.9 (272) | 35.0 (50) | ||
| Housing: 1–2 room | 17.3 (143) | 14.3 (294) | 10.4 (105) | 19.1(98) | 19.6 (28) | < 0.001 | |
| 3-room | 30.0 (248) | 26.4 (543) | 25.0 (252) | 24.3 (125) | 30.8 (44) | ||
| 4 + room and private | 52.8 (437) | 59.4 (1223) | 64.5 (649) | 56.6 (291) | 49.7 (71) | ||
| Single/divorced/widowed | 36.8 (305) | 30.0 (617) | 27.0 (272) | 33.1 (170) | 31.5 (45) | < 0.001 | |
| Instrumental support (0–13) | 29.7 (246) | 23.8 (490) | 21.0 (211) | 24.9 (128) | 25.2 (36) | < 0.001 | |
| (14–15) | 36.2 (300) | 37.5 (772) | 35.2 (354) | 35.6 (183) | 36.4 (52) | ||
| (16–17) | 34.1 (282) | 38.7 (798) | 43.8 (441) | 39.5 (203) | 38.5 (55) | ||
| Smoking: Past smoker | 11.7 (97) | 8.8 (181) | 11.5 (116) | 13.2 (68) | 11.2 (16) | < 0.001 | |
| Current smoker | 7.2 (60) | 7.6 (156) | 6.3 (63) | 11.9 (61) | 9.8 (14) | ||
| Alcohol > = once /week | 4.5 (37) | 3.6 (74) | 5.3 (53) | 6.4 (33) | 5.6 (8) | 0.024 | |
| Physical activity score | 2.18 ± 1.75 | 2.35 ± 1.68 | 2.32 ± 1.79 | 2.35 ± 1.80 | 1.92 ± 1.61 | 0.004 | |
| Social activity score | 2.85 ± 2.51 | 3.17 ± 2.46 | 3.27 ± 2.48 | 3.11 ± 2.49 | 2.48 ± 2.07 | 0.001 | |
| Productive activity score | 3.72 ± 1.92 | 3.87 ± 1.82 | 4.12 ± 1.90 | 3.98 ± 1.91 | 3.59 ± 1.77 | 0.001 | |
| Medical comorbidities count | 2.45 ± 1.58 | 2.33 ± 1.47 | 2.37 ± 1.47 | 2.36 ± 1.52 | 2.62 ± 1.47 | 0.018b | 0.349a |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 13.0 (108) | 11.0 (226) | 10.7 (108) | 10.7 (55) | 12.6 (18) | 0.483 | 0.830 |
| Hypertension | 64.1 (531) | 59.7 (1229) | 62.8 (632) | 64.0 (329) | 65.0 (93) | 0.090 | 0.568 |
| Central obesity | 47.9 (397) | 52.6 (1083) | 53.3 (536) | 56.2 (289) | 55.9 (80) | 0.003c | 0.026 |
| Diabetes | 16.2 (134) | 14.7 (302) | 14.9 (150) | 15.8 (81) | 26.6 (38) | 0.001c | 0.316 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 43.0 (356) | 47.5 (978) | 46.3 (466) | 47.9 (246) | 53.1 (76) | 0.045 | 0.022 |
| COPD (FEV1/FVC < 0.70) | 22.9 (190) | 17.8 (366) | 18.3 (184) | 14.6 (75) | 15.4 (22) | < 0.001c | 0.305 |
| Depression (GDS ≥ 5, treatment) | 9.8 (41) | 5.8 (60) | 3.6 (29) | 7.6 (30) | 7.7 (21) | < 0.001 | 0.030 |
| Cognitive impairment (MMSE < 23) | 13.0 (108) | 6.0 (123) | 6.2 (62) | 9.3 (48) | 15.4 (22) | < 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 5.6 (46) | 4.1 (84) | 5.2 (52) | 5.1 (26) | 5.6 (8) | 0.410 | 0.905 |
| Cancer | 2.1 (17) | 2.7 (56) | 2.6 (26) | 1.6 (8) | 0.7 (1) | 0.305 | 0.417 |
| Gastro-intestinal conditions | 5.9 (49) | 6.9 (142) | 6.3 (63) | 5.4 (28) | 7.0 (10) | 0.727 | 0.661 |
| Musculoskeletal conditions | 19.2 (159) | 16.1 (331) | 17.7 (178) | 17.2 (88) | 15.4 (22) | 0.330 | 0.302 |
| GDS score | 1.44 ± 2.33 | 1.00 ± 1.82 | 1.07 ± 2.04 | 1.14 ± 2.16 | 1.75 ± 2.81 | < 0.001b | 0.001b |
| MMSE score | 26.9 ± 3.5 | 27.9 ± 2.6 | 27.9 ± 2.6 | 27.8 ± 3.0 | 26.6 ± 3.4 | < 0.001b | 0.001b |
| FEV1/Ht, L/m | 1.05 ± 0.30 | 1.15 ± 0.30 | 1.15 ± 0.31 | 1.18 ± 0.33 | 1.05 ± 0.33 | < 0.001b | 0.002b |
| Albumin | 42.1 ± 3.0 | 42.4 ± 2.7 | 42.5 ± 2.6 | 42.5 ± 2.4 | 42.1 ± 3.2 | 0.001b | 0.095b |
| Haemoglobin | 13.3 ± 1.3 | 13.4 ± 1.4 | 13.5 ± 1.3 | 13.7 ± 1.5 | 13.4 ± 1.5 | < 0.001b | 0.178b |
| eGFR | 119.3 ± 40.5 | 113.0 ± 37.9 | 115.7 ± 41.5 | 113.1 ± 40.7 | 109.7 ± 38.0 | 0.001a | 0.009b |
| Waist circumference (men) | 86.9 ± 9.8 | 88.1 ± .5 | 88.4 ± 8.4 | 88.9 ± 10.2 | 91.4 ± 11.5 | 0.011a | 0.029a |
| Waist circumference (women) | 80.2 ± 10.1 | 81.7 ± 9.9 | 81.9 ± 9.7 | 83.9 ± 10.6 | 82.8 ± 12.0 | < 0.001a | 0.016b |
| Sitting SBP | 131.0 ± 16.7 | 129.2 ± 15.5 | 131.1 ± 16.2 | 130.8 ± 16.8 | 130.7 ± 14.9 | 0.006b | 0.022b |
| Sitting DBP | 80.1 ± 10.1 | 80.6 ± 9.6 | 81.6 ± 9.5 | 82.3 ± 8.9 | 81.0 ± 10.3 | 0.001b | 0.068b |
| Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 5.31 ± 1.58 | 5.35 ± 1.51 | 5.40 ± 1.51 | 5.48 ± 1.61 | 5.83 ± 2.37 | 0.002a | 0.050b |
| TyG | 9.19 ± 0.54 | 9.23 ± 0.53 | 9.25 ± 0.53 | 9.25 ± 0.55 | 9.28 ± 0.61 | 0.009a | 0.122b |
| AIP = Log (TG/HDLc) | –0.08 ± 0.27 | –0.06 ± 0.27 | –0.05 ± 0.26 | –0.04 ± 0.27 | –0.05 ± 0.29 | 0.018a | 0.044b |
| CRI-I = TChol/HDL-Chol | 3.84 ± 1.06 | 3.85 ± 1.00 | 3.94 ± 1.00 | 3.96 ± 1.03 | 3.92 ± 1.25 | 0.006a | 0.289b |
| CRI-II = LDLc/HDLc | 2.37 ± 0.87 | 2.37 ± 0.80 | 2.45 ± 0.82 | 2.46 ± 0.82 | 2.42 ± 0.97 | 0.011a | 0.205b |
| LMR | 5.21 ± 2.45 | 5.33 ± 2.63 | 5.30 ± 1.88 | 5.11 ± 1.75 | 5.46 ± 1.91 | 0.242a | 0.304b |
| NLR | 1.83 ± 0.85 | 1.80 ± 0.84 | 1.75 ± 0.87 | 1.79 ± 0.76 | 1.65 ± 0.73 | 0.018a | 0.091a |
| PLR | 137.5 ± 55.1 | 139.9 ± 56.3 | 135.6 ± 53.4 | 133.4 ± 53.0 | 118.4 ± 40.0 | < 0.001a | 0.012b |
| SII index | 460.4 ± 269.4 | 458.9 ± 276.9 | 442.6 ± 263.5 | 456.3 ± 228.5 | 404.5 ± 199.8 | 0.022a | 0091b |
Figures shown are percentage (number) or mean ± SD
COPD: self-report or FEV1/FVC < 0.70; Chronic kidney disease; self-report or eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m; Low HDL-Chol: HDL-Chol < 1.03 (male) or < 1.29 (female)
ANOVA: alinear-p; bquadratic-p; Chi-squared: clinear
*Adjusted for age, sex and ethnicity, education, housing, marital status, social support, smoking, alcohol, physical, social and productive activity
GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate;
TyG: Triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) = Ln(TG × FBG/2) calculated using mg/dl concentrations of fasting TG and FBG
AIP: Atherogenic Index of Plasma = log10 (TG/HDLc), CRI-1: Castelli Risk Index-1 = TC/HDLc; CRI-II: Castelli Risk Index-2 = HDLc/LDLc;
NLR: neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio, LMR: lymphocyte-monocyte ratio, PLR: platelet-lymphocyte ratio, SII index: systemic and immune inflammation index