Table 2.
Scores on cognitive and dual-task tests
| I2WE | WMS | ANOVA | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-test | Post-test | Pre-test | Post-test | Mean difference | 95% CI for Mean Difference* | Main effect | Interaction effect | ||||
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | Lower | Upper | p | η2 | p | η2 | ||
| Zoo Map Test | |||||||||||
| Plan formulation | |||||||||||
| Total time (s) | 214.10 (127.02) | 205.13 (144.61) | 202.34 (122.55) | 196.01 (139.77) | -2.64 | -86.83 | 81.56 | .71 | .00 | .95 | .00 |
| Sequence score (n) | 3.42 (3.27) | 3.52 (8.19) | 4.20 (3.49) | 5.07 (3.28) | -0.76 | -3.37 | 1.85 | .45 | .01 | .56 | .00 |
| Plan execution | |||||||||||
| Total time (s) | 84.42 (51.07) | 81.17 (28.30) | 70.98 (38.86) | 71.76 (41.90) | -4.02 | -31.99 | 29.94 | .86 | .00 | .77 | .00 |
| Sequence score (n) | 7.10 (2.23) | 6.89 (2.02) | 7.67 (0.82) | 7.73 (0.46) | -0.28 | -1.04 | 0.49 | .70 | .00 | .47 | .00 |
| Total score (n) | 10.53 (4.41) | 10.42 (3.79) | 11.87 (3.58) | 12.80 (3.34) | -1.04 | -3.56 | 1.48 | .51 | .00 | .41 | .00 |
| Spatial Span test | |||||||||||
| Spatial span (n) | 6.05 (1.18) | 6.68 (1.12) | 6.07 (0.88) | 6.40 (1.06) | 0.30 | -0.48 | 1.08 | .02 | .05 | .44 | .00 |
| Backward spatial span (n) | 4.53 (1.58) | 6.26 (1.66) | 4.60 (2.03) | 5.00 (1.36) | 1.34 | 0.33 | 2.34 | < .001 | .09 | .01 | .04 |
| Stroop test | |||||||||||
| Board 1 (n) | 68.79 (19.93) | 68.58 (15.84) | 63.60 (15.00) | 65.80 (15.90) | -2.41 | -11.22 | 6.40 | .65 | .00 | .58 | .00 |
| Board 2 (n) | 96.58 (26.04) | 99.26 (19.99) | 99.00 (18.78) | 98.67 (18.09) | 3.02 | -5.41 | 11.45 | .57 | .00 | .47 | .00 |
| Board 3 (n) | 37.05 (16.09) | 41.42 (14.18) | 33.87 (10.53) | 32.73 (12.37) | 5.66 | 0.73 | 10.59 | .17 | .00 | .03 | .01 |
| Interference score (n) | 0.43 (0.13) | 0.49 (0.11) | 0.42 (0.09) | 0.39 (0.11) | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.14 | .28 | .00 | .01 | .03 |
| Mental Rotation test | |||||||||||
| Score (n) | 12.95 (4.43) | 14.42 (5.39) | 12.07 (5.19) | 12.87 (4.94) | 0.67 | -2.44 | 3.79 | .15 | .01 | .66 | .00 |
| Trail Making Test | |||||||||||
| Time A (s) | 36.12 (22.03) | 35.93 (16.35) | 37.94 (13.83) | 40.72 (18.86) | -2.97 | -12.54 | 6.60 | .59 | .00 | .53 | .00 |
| Times B (s) | 106.14 (87.75) | 77.96 (38.83) | 103.13 (72.68) | 109.97 (70.09) | -35.02 | -72.70 | 2.65 | .26 | .01 | .07 | .02 |
| Time B-A (s) | 70.02 (69.27) | 42.03 (31.54) | 65.19 (61.37) | 69.25 (60.73) | -32.06 | -65.93 | 1.82 | .16 | .01 | .06 | .02 |
| Dual Task test | |||||||||||
| TUG-dt (n) DT-ST | -0.79 (0.92) | -1.05 (1.22) | -0.93 (1.22) | -1.33 (1.17) | 0.14 | -0.96 | 1.23 | 0.23 | .02 | .80 | .00 |
| TUG-dt (time) DT—ST | 2.80 (2.57) | 1.17 (1.16) | 1.71 (0.93) | 1.44 (0.73) | -1.36 | -2.71 | -0.01 | 0.01 | .08 | 0.04 | .04 |
Bold values are significant. *95% CI for the mean difference in evolution (post-test – pre-test) between the two groups (I2WE, WMS)
CI = Confidence Interval; Interaction effect = time*group effect; I2WE = Immersive and Interactive Wall Exergames; Main effect = time effect; M = Mean; n = numbers; SD = Standard Deviation; s = seconds; TUG-dt = Timed Up and Go Dual Task; WMS = Walking and Muscle Strengthening