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. 2023 Sep 25;46(2):1755–1773. doi: 10.1007/s11357-023-00938-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — tRNA synthetase inhibitors increase caspase-like activity through Atf4. A Peptide and protein aggregation of wild type and ATF4 KO MEFs. Protein aggregation assessed using PROTEOSTAT ® divided by the total protein in the sample, normalized to wild type. B Promega’s assay schema to measure caspase-like activity of the proteasome. C–I Caspase-like activity increases in response to different tRNA synthetase inhibitors at ATF4-inducing concentrations (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; one-way ANOVA)