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. 2024 Jan 30;15:889. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-45075-8

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2024

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Fig. 4 — A Primary human nasal epithelial cells (pooled from 14 donors) were cultured at the air-liquid interface, pre-treated for 18 h with the indicated amounts of IFN-beta or IFN-lambda, and challenged with 10,000 plaque-forming units of WA1, BA.1, or BA.2. Cartoon made with Biorender.com. B At 48 h post inoculation, total RNA was extracted from cells and subjected to RT-qPCR. ORF1a levels were measured compared to actin by the 2^(−ΔΔCT) method. For each virus, ORF1a abundance in the No IFN condition was set to 1. C At 48 h post inoculation, infectious virus titers from the cell culture medium were measured by challenging Vero E6-ACE2-TMPRSS2 cells followed by fixation/permeabilization and immunostaining with anti-N antibody. Infectious units were quantified by measuring focus forming units by high-content imaging. Symbols represent independent infections of Vero E6-ACE2-TMPRSS2 cells. D Primary human nasal epithelial cells (pooled from 14 donors) were cultured at the air–liquid interface, pre-treated for 18 h with the indicated amounts of IFN-beta or IFN-lambda, and challenged with 10,000 plaque-forming units of WA1, WA1 (Delta Spike), WA1 (BA.1 Spike), or BA.1. ORF1a levels were measured by RT-qPCR and compared to actin by the 2^(−ΔΔCT) method. For each virus, ORF1a abundance in the No IFN condition was set to 1. All results are represented as means plus standard error from three independent infections (symbols represent biological replicates). Statistically significant differences (*P < 0.05) between the indicated condition and the corresponding data point of WA.1 were determined by the student’s unpaired two-sided t test (exact p values from left to right: B 0.0288, 0.00388, 0.0197, 0.0022, 0.0063, 0.0028; C 0.0032, 0.0016, 0.0298, 0.0016, 0.0056, 0.0040; D 0.0001, 0.0001, 0.0001, 0.0001). Refer to Supporting Dataset 1 for non-normalized data. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.