Fig. 4.

DNA hydrogel-scaffold enhances in vitro osteogenesis. (a) The cytoskeleton of BMSCs after treated for 48 h. (b) Quantitative analysis of the cellular cytoskeleton. (c) ALP staining (up) and Alizarin Red staining (down) after BMSCs were treated with the additive for 14 days. (d and e) Quantitative analysis of ALP and Alizarin Red staining. (f) qRT-PCR experiments were conducted to validate the relative expression levels of genes (OCN, OSX, BMP2, COL-1, and VEGF-1) in each experimental group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.