Table 1.
Sample characteristics.
| All | Study samplea | |
|---|---|---|
| Household Survey: Patient characteristics | ||
| N (patients) | 10,617 | 7279 |
| First contact provider visited (%) | ||
| Primary Health Center | 3.8 | 6.1b |
| Private clinic (incl traditional healers) | 68.2 | 87.0 |
| Private hospital | 5.9 | 6.6 |
| Government hospital | 1.3 | – |
| Pharmacy/drug shop | 20.8 | -c |
| Out-of-pocket health expenditure (Rs.) | ||
| Primary Health Center | 315.8 (235.4, 396.1) | 284.2 (202.9, 365.6) |
| Private clinic (incl traditional healers) | 601.8 (570.5, 633.0) | 572.2 (546.2, 598.2) |
| Private hospital | 3056.2 (2557.0, 3555.4) | 2201.9 (1960.5, 2443.4) |
| Male (%) | 44 | 44 |
| Distance to provider (Km) | 4.6 (4.4, 4.7) | 5.1 (5.0, 5.2) |
| Age | 30.6 (30.2, 31.0) | 30.0 (29.5, 30.5) |
| Asset wealth quintile | ||
| Poorest 20% | 22 | 23 |
| Quintile 2 | 27 | 28 |
| Quintile 3 | 12 | 12 |
| Quintile 4 | 20 | 19 |
| Richest 20% | 20 | 19 |
| Severely ill (%) | 19 | 20 |
| Interlinked Patient-Provider Survey | ||
| N (providers) | 262 | – |
| Provider type (%) | ||
| Primary Health Center | 11 | – |
| Private MBBS doctor | 3 | – |
| Private AYUSH physician | 12 | – |
| Private Informal provider | 74 | – |
| Provider age (years) | 44.4 (42.6, 46.2) | – |
| Male (%) | 97 | – |
| Provider competence | ||
| PHC clinician | 40.4 (36.7, 43.2) | 40.1 (39.0, 41.1) |
| Private MBBS doctor (0–100) | 31.4 (26.8, 36.0) | – |
| Private AYUSH practitioner (0–100) | 30.7 (28.0, 33.4) | – |
| Private informal provider (0–100) | 27.7 (26.4, 29.0) | |
| Private clinician | – | 28.8d (28.6, 28.9) |
Note (International, 1978): Figures in parenthesis are 95% CI. (Berman, 2000).
a
Study sample for regression analysis.
b
Includes government hospitals.
c
Dropped from analysis.
d
Includes all private clinicians.