Fig. 2.

Adjusted hazard ratio for all-cause mortality from 2008–2012 to 2019 associated with changes in rent burden from 2000 to 2008–2012. Estimates of the hazard ratio are reported based on a penalized cubic spline for continuous rent burden change centered on 0.0 (the dashed lines at rent burden change of 0.0 and hazard ratio of 1.0 indicate the reference); Fig. S5 includes estimates of the hazard ratio based on a linear term. Census Disclosure Review Board Approval Number: CBDRB-FY24-CES004-001. Sources: 2000 Census and 2008–2012 ACS linked to 2021 Numident file.