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. 2024 Jan 11;10(2):e24485. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24485

Table 1.

Result of Stationary Test using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) Approach.

Series @ Level form @ First Difference Form Order of Integration
AO −0.476108 −2.948583** I (1)
CA −1.774045 −2.940844** I (1)
EX −1.371228 −2.948416** I (1)
LA −0.732250 −3.045899** I (1)
LD −2.195118 −3.483188** I (1)
RF −2.756186* −4.919975*** I (1)
TQ 1.087935 −2.943080** I (1)
Critical Values
1 % −3.501445 −3.501445
5 % −2.892536 −2.892536
10 % −2.583371 −2.583371
***, ** and * show significance at the level of 1 %, 5 %, and 10 % respectively