Fig. 4. The cytotoxicity of FeND and DOX at different concentrations was evaluated against A549 cells in normoxic and hypoxic condition and then examined using MTT assay for (a) 24 and (b) 48 hours. N = 3. FeND showed no toxicity towards A549 cells in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, while DOX demonstrated minimal toxicity at 24 hours. However, its toxicity increased with higher doses and longer exposure, inversely affecting cellular viability. Statistical relevance was assessed using one-way analysis of variance along with Dunnett's multiple comparison tests. The bar represents mean ± SD. Significant difference between untreated and treated samples is indicated by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.