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. 2023 Jul 19;74(1):1–14. doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.06.010

Table 2.

A list of the 74 reviewed studies. (*studies under the same project of Zenthofer et al. 201434. #studies under the same project of Sloane et al.32)

No. Year Authors Content of study/ Purpose Visual Assessment tools Name of tools/studies used and referred Examined sample (Denture/Image) Profile of dentures assessed Disclosing Materials (brands/ compound) Denture surface(s) assessed
1 1970 Budtz-Jorgensen and Bertram4 Relationship between denture cleanliness and denture stomatitis Index Budtz-Jorgensen and Betram 19704 Denture Maxillary Proflavine-monosulfate in 3.0 % aqueous solution Fitting surface
2 1977 Budtz-Jorgensen and Kelstrup 45 The efficiency of denture cleansers (enzymes) Index Budtz-Jorgensen and Betram 19704 Denture Maxillary Proflavine-monosulfate in 3.0 % aqueous solution Fitting surface
3 1977 Budtz-Jorgensen56 Efficacy of enzymatic dissolvent tablet for prevention of denture plaque Index Budtz-Jorgensen 197756 Image Maxillary Proflavine-monosulfate in 3.0 % aqueous solution Fitting surface
4 1978 Budtz-Jorgensen and Knudsen67 Efficacy of brushing with chlorhexidine or Steradent for prevention of denture plaque Index Budtz-Jorgensen 197756 Image Maxillary Proflavine-monosulfate in 3.0 % aqueous solution Fitting surface
5 1981 Abelson et al.78 The efficiency of commercial denture cleansers Index Abelson et al.198178 Denture Any Trace dye, The Lorvic Co. St. Louis, MO All surfaces including teeth
6 1982 Ambjørnsen et al.53 Additive index for denture plaque accumulation Index Ambjørnsen et al. 198253 Denture Maxillary No disclosing Fitting surface
7 1982 Ghalichebaf et al.68 Effectiveness of commercial immersion-type denture cleansers Planimetry-square counting Square counting Image Maxillary 5.0% erythrosine Fitting surface
8 1982 Tarbet et al.83 Relationship between denture hygiene and mucosal health Index Tarbet et al. 198283 Denture Maxillary FD&C Red No. 3 Fitting surface
9 1982 Augsburger and Elahi84 Cleansing efficiency of soap-type denture cleanser Index Augsburger and Elahi 198284 Denture Maxillary FD&C Red No. 3 (erythrosine) Lorric Corp., St. Louis, Mo. All surfaces including teeth
10 1983 Budtz-Jorgensen et al.15 Efficacy of protease enzyme denture cleansers (Alcalase) Index Budtz-Jorgensen et al. 198315 Image Maxillary Proflavine-monosulfate in 3.0 % aqueous solution Fitting surface
11 1983 Poulsen et al.16 Evaluation of two methods of denture plaque scorings Index Budtz-Jorgensen et al. 198315 Image Maxillary Proflavine-monosulfate in 3.0 % aqueous solution Fitting surface
12 1984 Ambjørnsen et al.17 To compare the reproducibility and reliability of different denture plaque scorings Index Budtz-Jorgensen 197756 Image Maxillary Proflavine-monosulfate in 3.0 % aqueous solution Fitting surface
Schubert and Schubert's PHI86
Ambjørnsen et al. 198253
13 1986 Murray et al.18 Relationship between the abrasivity and cleaning power of the dentifrices-type denture cleansers Index Murray et al. 198618 Denture Both 1.0% solution of fluorescein All surfaces including teeth
14 1987 Schou et al.54 Relationship between oral hygiene, denture plaque, and stomatitis Index Armbjornsen et al. 198253 Denture Maxillary No disclosing Fitting surface
15 1990 Cardash et al.19 Method of monitoring denture hygiene Index Tarbet et al. 198283 Image Both Red Cote, J.O. Butler. Co. Chicago III Fitting surface
16 1990 Hoad-Reddick et al.82 Denture cleanliness in the elderly population Index Hoad-Reddick et al. 199082 Denture Both or any No disclosing All surfaces including teeth
17 1995 McCabe et al.20 Efficacy of two soaking denture cleansers Index McCabe et al. 199520 Denture Not mentioned FDC blue 1, 0.25% in deionized water All surfaces including teeth
18 1996 Jeganathan et al.21 Clinically viable denture hygiene index Index Jeganathan et al. 199621 Denture Maxillary FD&C Red No. 3 (erythrosine) Fitting surface
19 1996 McCabe et al.22 Method for denture plaque scoring Index McCabe et al. 199520 Denture Both FDC blue 1, 0.25% in deionized water All surfaces including teeth
20 1996 Keng and Lim23 Denture plaque distribution and effectiveness of a perborate-containing denture cleanser Index Modified Quigley-Hein Index23 Image Both Red Cote, J.O. Butler. Co. Chicago III All surfaces including teeth
21 1997 Jeganathan et al.24 Relationship between denture hygiene habits, cleanliness, wearing behavior, and stomatitis Index Budtz-Jorgensen and Betram 19704 Denture Maxillary FD&C Red No. 3 (erythrosine) Fitting surface
22 2000 Sheen and Harrison25 A new method for assessing plaque levels on dentures by using digital imaging Planimetry Not mentioned the program used Image Maxillary Fluorescent dye (Spectrum Chemical Mfg Corp, Gardena, Calif.) All surfaces including teeth
Index Augsburger and Elahi 198284 Denture Maxillary
23 2002 Kulak-Ozkan et al.26 Relationship between oral hygiene habits, denture cleanliness, and stomatitis Index Budtz-Jorgensen and Betram 19704 Denture Maxillary Proflavine-monosulfate in 0.3% aqueous solution Fitting surface
24 2004 Paranhos et al.10 Comparison of different denture plaque assessments methods Planimetry Image Tool 2.02 Software Image Maxillary An aqueous solution of 5.0% erythrosine (Art. 1355 Erythrosine, E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) Fitting surface
Planimetry Digital planimeter Image Maxillary
Planimetry-point counting Grid with equidistant points Image Maxillary
Paper weighing NOT visual method - -
25 2004 Andrucioli et al.69 To evaluate the effectiveness of denture cleansing paste Planimetry Image Tool 2.02 Software Image Maxillary 1.0% sodium fluorescein Fitting surface
26 2005 Kanli et al.27 Relationship between oral hygiene habits, denture cleanliness, and stomatitis Index Schubert and Schubert's PHI86 Denture Maxillary 5.0% erythrosine dye solution Fitting surface
27 2006 Montal et al.55 To assess oral (denture) hygiene, and treatment needs of the geriatric institution Index Montal et al. 200655 Denture Any No disclosing All surfaces including teeth
28 2006 De Visschere et al.28 Oral hygiene of the elderly in long-term care institutions Index Augsburger and Elahi 198284 Denture Any Methylene blue disclosing solution Fitting and polished surfaces
29 2006 Dikbas et al.57 Investigation of denture cleanliness Index Hoad-Reddick et al. 199082 Denture Both No disclosing All surfaces including teeth
30 2007 Fernandes et al.70 Comparison of efficacy of three denture brushes Planimetry Adobe Photoshop 5.5 software Image Both An aqueous solution of 1.0% neutral red All surfaces including teeth
31 2007 Paranhos et al.29 Distribution of biofilm on internal and external surfaces of the denture Index Paranhos et al. 200729 Image Maxillary 1.0% neutral red solution; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil All surfaces including teeth
32 2007 Paranhos et al.30 Effect of mechanical and chemical denture cleansing methods Planimetry Image tool 2.02 + Adobe Photoshop software 5.4 Image Maxillary 1.0% neutral red solution; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Fitting surface
Index Paranhos et al.2006
33 2007 Salles et al.71 To compare and correlate denture plaque after brushing, associated with specific paste and soap Planimetry Image Tool 2.0 Software Image Not mentioned 1.0% neutral red solution; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Fitting surface
34 2009 Coulthwaite et al.12 To compare currently available visual and planimetric plaque measurement Index McCabe et al. 199520 Image Both Methylene blue disclosing solution (FDC Blue #1, 0.25% in deionized water) All surfaces including teeth
Planimetry Adobe Photoshop (version 7; Adobe Systems Inc.) Image
Index Augsburger and Elahi 198284 Image
35 2010 Paranhos  et al.31 Evaluation of three denture hygiene indices Planimetry Image Tool 2.02 Software Image Maxillary 5.0% erythrosine aqueous solution Fitting surface
Index Schubert and Schubert's PHI86
Index Jeganathan et al. 199621
Index Budtz-Jorgensen 197756
36 2010 Souza et al.72 Domestic use of disclosing solution for denture hygiene Planimetry Image Tool 2.02 Software Image Maxillary 1.0% neutral red solution; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Fitting and polished surfaces
37 2011 Cruz et al.73 Effectiveness of chemical cleanser and ultrasonic device for denture hygiene Planimetry Image Tool 2.02 Software Image Maxillary 1.0% neutral red solution Fitting surface
38 2012 Puskar et al.58 To examine the influence of gender, age, cleaning habits, and continuous wear of dentures on denture stomatitis Index Ambjørnsen et al. 198253 Denture Both No disclosing Fitting surface
39 2012 Taiwo et al.59 Denture hygiene of elderly Index Taiwo et al. 201259 Denture Not mentioned No disclosing Fitting surface
40 2012 de Andrade et al.74 Effect of Chlorhexidine on denture hygiene Planimetry Image Tool 3.0 Software Image Maxillary 1.0% neutral red solution Fitting surface
41 2013 Sloane et al.32# Effect of person-centered mouth care intervention Index Augsburger and Elahi 198284 Denture Any Not mentioned the brand or compound Fitting and polished surfaces
42 2014 Mylonas et al.33 Clinical audit in denture cleanliness Index Mylonas’ DCI33 Denture Any Plaqsearch, Malmö, Sweden Fitting surface
43 2014 Zenthöfer et al.34* Comparison of oral health and hygiene in patients with or without dementia Index Wefers’ DHI85 Denture Both Plaque Test; IvoclarVivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein All surfaces including teeth
44 2014 Zenthöfer et al.35* Association of apraxia with oral hygiene Index Wefers’ DHI85 Denture Both Plaque Test; IvoclarVivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein All surfaces including teeth
45 2015 Almas et al.36 Simplified quantitative denture plaque index that Index Classification of Almas, Salameh, Kutkut, and Doubali-Denture Plaque Index (ASKD-DPI) 36 Image Both Diluted erythrosine solution (Red-Cote #28 red dye) Fitting surface
46 2015 Khanagar et al.37 To assess the oral hygiene status of institutionalized dependent elders Index Augsburger and Elahi 198284 Denture Not mentioned Plaque check disclosing solution Fitting and polished surfaces
47 2016 Zenthöfer et al.38* Improving the oral health of institutionalized dementia elders Index Wefers’ DHI85 Denture Both Plaque Test; IvoclarVivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein All surfaces including teeth
48 2016 Mylonas et al.39 Denture cleanliness of patients in a regional dental hospital Index Mylonas’ DCI33 Denture Any Plaqsearch, Malmö, Sweden Fitting surface
49 2016 Steinmassl et al.65 Relationship of cognitive status to oral hygiene Index Wefers’ DHI85 Denture Both Not mentioned about disclosing All surfaces including teeth
50 2016 Zenthöfer et al.40* Effectiveness of carers’ education on oral health and denture hygiene improvements of dementia elders Index Wefers’ DHI85 Denture Both Plaque Test; IvoclarVivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein All surfaces including teeth
51 2016 Duyck et al.41 Impact of denture cleaning method and overnight storage condition on denture plaque Index Augsburger and Elahi 198284 Denture Mandibular 4.0% erythrosine disclosing solution Fitting and polished surfaces
52 2016 Al-Kaisy et al.75 Assessment of denture hygiene habit Planimetry Image tool 2.02 software Image Maxillary Methylene blue disclosing solution (FDC Blue #1, 0.25% in deionized water) Fitting surface
53 2017 Zenthöfer et al.42* Association of dementia with poor oral health/denture hygiene and risk of periodontal disease in elderly Index Wefers’ DHI85 Denture Both Plaque Test; IvoclarVivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein All surfaces including teeth
54 2017 Nihtila et al.60 Effectiveness of a tailored oral health intervention Index/ Score Binary score (Y/N) Denture Not mentioned No disclosing Not mentioned
55 2017 Martori et al.43 Relationship between denture-related factors and oral Candida colonization Index Jeganathan et al. 199621 Denture Maxillary Erythrosine (Reveal; Henry-Schein, Melville, NY Fitting surface
56 2017 Zimmerman et al.44# Oral hygiene status and risk assessment Index Augsburger and Elahi 198284 Denture Any Not mentioned the brand or compound Fitting and polished surfaces
57 2017 Arruda et al.76 Efficacy of denture cleanser Planimetry Image tool software Image Both 1.0% neutral red Fitting surface
58 2018 Baba et al.77 To evaluate mechanical cleansing vs mechanical + chemical cleansing Planimetry Image J software Image Maxillary Prospec, GC Co. Fitting surface
59 2018 Ikeya et al.79 Effects of denture cleanser Planimetry Adobe Photoshop vCS6 software; Adobe Systems, Inc Image Maxillary Methylene blue, 0.25% m/v in distilled water; Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd All surfaces including teeth
60 2018 Schwindling et al.46* Oral health intervention and denture hygiene Index Wefers’ DHI85 Denture Any Not mentioned about disclosing All surfaces including teeth
61 2018 Klotz et al.47* Oral health on the mortality of elderly people Index Wefers’ DHI85 Denture Not mentioned Plaque Test; IvoclarVivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein All surfaces including teeth
62 2018 Guevara-Canales et al.61 To determine whether self-perceived oral health impact and satisfaction measure Index Guevara-Canales et al.201861 Denture Both or any No disclosing Not mentioned
63 2018 Weintraub et al.48# Improving oral hygiene in the nursing home Index Augsburger and Elahi 198284 Denture Both Not mentioned the brand or compound All surfaces including teeth
64 2020 Klotz et al.49* To identify how changes to general health might affect the oral health Index Wefers’ DHI85 Denture Not mentioned Plaque Test; IvoclarVivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein All surfaces including teeth
65 2020 Badaró et al.80 Effects of three denture disinfection protocols Planimetry ImageTool 3.0; Informer Technologies, Inc Image Maxillary No disclosing Fitting surface
66 2020 Krausch-Hofmann et al.11 Assessment of oral health conditions presented in the photograph Index Krausch-Hofmann et al. 202011 Denture Maxillary No disclosing Fitting surface
67 2021 Alqarni et al.50 To analyze the influence of the intervention on neglected elderly Index Jeganathan et al. 199621 Denture Maxillary Not mentioned about disclosing Fitting surface
68 2021 Garg et al.51 Impact of Sensitization on Family Caregivers Index Jeganathan et al. 199621 Denture Both or any Not mentioned the brand or compound Not mentioned
69 2021 Ng et al.52 Effect of educational mobile application on denture hygiene Index Jeganathan et al. 199621 Image Maxillary GC Tri Plaque ID Gel plaque disclosing agent (GC Co.) Fitting surface
70 2021 Cinquanta et al.62 Patient attitude and habits on denture hygiene Index Hoad-Reddick et al. 199082 Denture Both No disclosing All surfaces including teeth
71 2021 Wiatrak et al.66 Effect of Tea Tree Oil Toothpaste on oral health Index Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned about disclosing Not mentioned
72 2021 Araujo et al.81 Effect of denture hygiene protocol Planimetry NIS-elements software Image Maxillary 1.0% neutral red; IMBRALAB Química e Farmacêutica Ltda Fitting surface
73 2022 Mousa et al.63 Development of halitosis Index Ambjørgensen et al. 198253 Denture Both No disclosing Fitting and polished surfaces
74 2022 Peroz et al.64 The influences of quarterly professional dental hygiene interventions Index Wefers’ DHI85 Denture Any No disclosing All surfaces including teeth