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. 2023 Dec 19;59:18–26. doi: 10.1016/j.euros.2023.11.003

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Community profiling of the urobiome in male BCa (mBCa) patients compared with age- and sex-matched cancer-free controls (mCO). (A) Beta-diversity of bacteria identified in the FM urine microbiome of the mBCa >50 yr group with respect to the mCO >50 yr group. Principal component analysis using the Bray-Curtis distance measure was represented, and the results of the PERMANOVA test indicated a significantly different bacterial composition between two groups: mBCa >50 yr (blue dots) and mCO >50 yr (red dots; p = 0.001). (B) The linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis showing taxa differently abundant (with cutoff LDA score >2 and <–2) at genus and species taxonomic levels, between the mBCa >50 yr and mCO >50 yr groups. Negative and positive LDA scores indicated, respectively, an increased (blue bars) or a decreased (red bars) abundance of bacteria in the mBCa >50 yr and mCO >50 yr groups. BCa = bladder cancer; FM = first morning; LDA = linear discriminant analysis; PERMANOVA = permutational multivariate analysis of variance.