Table 3. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between distress and complex multimorbidity (n = 400).
| Complex multimorbidity (CMM)a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI)b | ||||
| Model 1c | Model 2d | Model 3e | Model 4f | |
| Distress score | ||||
| Per 1-unit increase | 1.22 (1.04–1.42) | 1.22 (1.05–1.43) | 1.29 (1.09–1.51) | 1.29 (1.10–1.52) |
| Age | ||||
| Per 1-year increase | 1.11 (1.04–1.17) | 1.11 (1.05–1.18) | 1.09 (1.01–1.16) | 1.08 (1.00–1.17) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| Female | 2.26 (1.03–4.94) | 1.47 (0.62–3.46) | 1.51 (0.64–3.60) | |
| Asian subgroup | ||||
| Korean | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| Chinese | 0.86 (0.40–1.85) | 0.87 (0.38–2.00) | 0.85 (0.36–1.99) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married/cohabiting | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| Not currently married | 0.32 (0.09–1.19) | 0.40 (0.10–1.56) | 0.42 (0.11–1.60) | |
| Education | ||||
| High school/GED or less | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| Business/vocational school/some college/college graduate | 0.83 (0.35–1.99) | 0.86 (0.36–2.05) | ||
| Some graduate/professional school | 0.25 (0.05–1.13) | 0.25 (0.06–1.15) | ||
| Household income | ||||
| <$40,000 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| $40,000–99,999 | 0.96 (0.36–2.53) | 0.94 (0.35–2.53) | ||
| ≥$100,000 | 2.86 (0.84–9.72) | 3.55 (0.97–12.92) | ||
| Employment status | ||||
| Working full time | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| Working part time | 2.56 (0.87–7.52) | 2.62 (0.88–7.80) | ||
| Not currently working | 3.40 (1.21–9.53) | 3.32 (1.17–9.42) | ||
| Health insurance status | ||||
| Private health insurance | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| Medicare/Medicaid | 1.41 (0.46–4.33) | |||
| No health insurance | 1.85 (0.65–5.27) | |||
a Complex multimorbidity was defined as having three or more of the following body system disorders: (1) endocrine-metabolic disorder (diabetes, obesity, or high cholesterol), (2) circulation disorder (high blood pressure, stroke, heart attack or any other heart disease), (3) cancer, (4) anxiety or depression, (5) breathing problem, and (6) any other health problems.
b Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were estimated from the logistic regression models.
c Model 1 adjusted for age.
d Model 2 adjusted for age, sex, Asian subgroup, and marital status.
e Model 3 adjusted for age, sex, Asian subgroup, marital status, education, household income, and employment status.
f Model 4 adjusted for age, sex, Asian subgroup, marital status, education, household income, employment status, and health insurance status.