TABLE 1.
List of traits used for building species trait dissimilarity matrices.
| Trait group | Trait abbreviation | Description | Functional association | Combined traits dissimilarity weighting | Relevant taxa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Nesting habits | Pupal nesting habit (PH) | Location for the pupal and/or nesting stages (underground, soil surface, on hostplant, within hostplant, on other vegetation, within stone walls, and dead wood) | Links to extinction risk and distribution; exposure to different microhabitats, microclimates, and disturbance (exposure) | 0.167 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Body size | Forewing minimum (FMI) | Minimum forewing length (mm) | Predictor of dispersal and population declines, linked to physiological sensitivity (sensitivity) | 0.0556 | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Body size | Forewing maximum (FMA) | Maximum forewing length (mm) | Predictor of dispersal and population declines, linked to physiological sensitivity (sensitivity) | 0.0556 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Body size | Estimated body mass (EDM) | Dry mass estimate (mg), calculated using models from Kinsella et al. (2020) for moths and Cane (1987) for bumblebees | Predictor of dispersal and population declines, linked to physiological sensitivity (sensitivity) | 0.0556 | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Phenology | Voltinism (V) | Number of broods per year (univoltine: 1 brood; multivoltine: 2 or more broods) | Links to recovery from disturbance, exposure to different drivers of change temporally (sensitivity and exposure) | 0.0278 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Phenology | Egg stage (ES) | Months during which individuals are eggs (Jan–Dec) | Associated with extinction risk and distribution, exposure to different drivers of change temporally (exposure) | 0.0278 | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Phenology | Pupal stage (PS) | Months during which individuals are pupae (Jan–Dec) | Associated with extinction risk and distribution, exposure to different drivers of change temporally (exposure) | 0.0278 | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Phenology | Larval stage (LS) | Months during which individuals are larvae (Jan–Dec) | Associated with extinction risk and distribution, exposure to different drivers of change temporally (exposure) | 0.0278 | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Phenology | Adult stage (AS) | Months during which individuals are adults and actively flying (Jan–Dec) | Associated with extinction risk and distribution, exposure to different drivers of change temporally (exposure) | 0.0278 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Phenology | Overwinter stage (OS) | The life stage that species overwinter in (egg, larva, pupa or adult) | Correlated with both distribution, extinction risk and abundance trend, exposure to different drivers of change temporally (exposure) | 0.0278 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Diet | Hostplant number (HN) | The number of host plant species used by larvae | Correlated with dispersal and range size (exposure) | 0.0556 | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Diet | Hostplant (or diet) specificity (HS) | Whether species are monophagous, oligophagous, or polyphagous | Correlated with dispersal and range size (exposure) | 0.0556 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Diet | Hostplant category (HC) | Plant category that host‐plants come under (e.g., trees, grasses, sedges, mosses, etc.) | Correlated with both increases and decreases in abundance trends; exposure to different drivers of change spatially and temporally (exposure) | 0.0556 | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Habitat | Habitat USE (H) | Typical habitat (woodland, heathland, moorland, grassland, wetland, coastal, montane, urban/agricultural) | Preference and specificity can predict population declines; exposure to different drivers of change spatially and temporally (exposure) | 0.167 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |