Table 4.

Adjusted prevalence ratios of risk factors associated with stunting

	2003 (n 583)		2006 (n 2760)		2008 (n 2314)		2011 (n 1861)		2014 (n 2354)		2017 (n 2644)
Risk factors	PR	95 CI %	PR	95 CI %	PR	95 CI %	PR	95 CI %	PR	95 CI %	PR	95 CI %
Dichotomised age
Under 2 years	1		1		1		1		1		1
Above 2 years	1·41	1·23, 1·62***	3·00	1·92, 4·68***	1·68	1·44, 1·96***	2·54	1·74, 3·70***	1·71	1·37, 2·15***	2·13	1·60, 2·83***
Gender
Male	1·23	1·09, 1·39**	1·27	0·90, 1·79	1·09	0·94, 1·26	1·31	0·99, 1·72	1·26	1·07, 1·47**	1·20	0·92, 1·56
Female	1		1		1		1		1		1
Maternal age (years)
15–19	1·27	0·90, 1·78	1·05	0·39, 2·84	1·23	0·87, 1·73	1·15	0·69, 1·91	1·97	1·35, 2·86***	0·51	0·28, 0·94*
20–34	1		1		1		1		1		1
35–49	1·03	0·90, 1·18	0·94	0·62, 1·43	0·85	0·72, 1·02	0·72	0·51, 1·01	1·02	0·83, 1·25	0·82	0·58, 1·15
Maternal education
No education	1·28	1·08, 1·51**	1·52	0·89, 2·59	0·97	0·80, 1·18	1·39	0·93, 2·10	1·60	1·20, 2·13**	0·91	0·63, 1·31
Primary	0·87	0·70, 1·08	0·90	0·52, 1·55	1·12	0·91, 1·37	1·20	0·80, 1·78	1·29	0·98, 1·72	0·93	0·68, 1·29
Secondary/higher	1		1		1		1		1		1
Household wealth
Poor	1·45	1·16, 1·82**	2·94	1·62, 5·34***	1·68	1·27, 2·21***	2·05	1·25, 3·35**	1·85	1·19, 2·88**	1·62	1·08, 2·43*
Middle	1·37	1·08, 1·75**	1·77	0·99, 3·18	1·42	1·09, 1·86*	1·89	1·20, 2·96**	1·44	0·97, 2·14	1·54	1·06, 2·24*
Rich	1		1		1		1		1		1
Place of residence
Rural	1·14	0·92, 1·41	1·02	0·66, 1·58	1·14	0·86, 1·51	0·97	0·67, 1·40	1·00	0·73, 1·36	1·08	0·75, 1·55
Urban	1		1		1		1		1		1
Low birth weight
Yes	1·58	1·06, 2·37*	1·61	1·04, 2·50*	1·06	0·74, 1·51	1·81	1·23, 2·69**	2·29	1·70, 3·07***	2·17	1·60, 2·95***
No	1		1		1		1		1		1
Place of delivery
Home or others	1·23	1·04, 1·46*	1·03	0·72, 1·46	1·04	0·86, 1·25	1·26	0·70, 2·27	1·24	1·04, 1·49*	1·49	0·77, 2·86
Health facility	1		1		1		1		1		1
Iodised salt
No	1·05	0·91, 1·21	0·82	0·57, 1·19	–		1·04	0·77, 1·42	1·08	0·86, 1·36	0·96	0·70, 1·31
Yes	1		1		–		1		1		1
Model fitness details
Adjusted Wald test	F(12, 372) = 14·27 Prob > F= < 0·001		F(12, 172) = 8·69 Prob > F = < 0·001		F(11, 374) = 8·93 Prob > F= < 0·001		F(12, 523) = 8·23 Prob > F = < 0·001		F(12, 384) = 10·78 Prob > F= < 0·001		F(12, 578) = 8·33 Prob > F = < 0·001
Pearson goodness-of-fit	Pearson goodness-of-fit = 1944·19 Prob > chi2(2912) = 1·00		Pearson goodness-of-fit = 475·18 Prob > chi2(516) = 0·90		Pearson goodness-of-fit = 1679·76 Prob > chi2(2352) = 1·00		Pearson goodness-of-fit = 1510·65 Prob > chi2(1401) = 0·02		Pearson goodness-of-fit= 1909·39 Prob > chi2(2465)= 1·00		Pearson goodness-of-fit = 2242·81 Prob > chi2(2652)= 1·00

PR, prevalence ratio.

^* P-value < 0·05.

^** P-value < 0·01.

^*** P-value < 0·001.