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. 2023 Mar 15;56(2):986–1001. doi: 10.3758/s13428-023-02082-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Gesture record: coding the gesture action and its modifiers – example: ‘reach’. Note. Bottom-up gesture type construction: coding the gesture action and the modifiers that describe the physical production of the gesture action in more detail taking the illustrated ‘reach’ instance as an example. Gesture record (parent annotation): which bodily movement is performed (here: ‘Reach’)? Body part signaller: which body part was used (here: ‘Arm’)? Signaller laterality: was it their left or right body part (here: ‘Right’)? Object Used: was the gesture produced using an object (here: ‘None’)? Flexion: in a free limb gesture action (one in which there is no required contact with an object, substrate, or additional body part in order to perform the action), we consider whether the elbow, wrist, and/or fingers were bent past 45° (here: ‘Elbow’)? Orientation: in a free limb gesture action, what direction does the palm of the hand or sole of the foot face (here: ‘Side’)? Repetition count: for gesture types that have rhythmic repeated movements, how many times was the action repeated (here: ‘No value’ as the ‘reach’ is not a repetition gesture action. Note that this tier is a free text variable.)? Body part contact: for contact gestures, we also code the recipient body part that the gesture contacts (here: ‘None’ as ‘reach’ is not a contact gesture action). Additionally, we estimate the audibility of the gesture instance and whether there was evidence of directionality, e.g., whether the reach was extended towards an individual or location of potential interest (Note: both variables not illustrated here). See the controlled vocabulary excel file (GOv1.0_Elan_controlled_vocabulary.xlsx) for full lists of options for the gesture action and modifier variables and the GesturalOrigins coding Protocol (GOv1.0_Protocol) for details on how to code each variable (both files are accessible here: https://github.com/CharlotteGrund/Gestural_Origins_Coding‐methods_paper)