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Schematic diagram of biosynthesis of SCFAs from indigestible carbohydrates due to the gut microbiota activities: (1) acetate is produced via the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway; (2) butyrate originates from the butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase pathway or the butyrate kinase pathway; (3) propionate from the acrylate pathway, succinate pathway, or propanediol pathway.
