Table 2.
lncRNA's functions and related signaling pathways in GC and CRC
| Cancer | LncRNA | Regulation | Signaling pathways | Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRC | PINT | Down` | PRC2 | Inhibits proliferation | [186] |
| MALAT1 | Up | miR-129-5p, HMGB1, miR-663a | Improve proliferation, migration and invasion | [187] | |
| Loc285194 | Down | miR-211 | Inhibits proliferation | [188] | |
| Linc02418 | Up | miR-34b-5p, Bcl-2 | Stimulates growth, mobility, invasion, apoptosis inhibition | [189] | |
| Linc00261 | Down | β-catenin, Wnt | Inhibits proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, and drug resistance | [190] | |
| Linc01567 | Up | miR-93 | Stimulates proliferation, invasion, migration | [191] | |
| H19 | Up | miR138, HMGA1, miR-675-5p | Improve invasion, migration, and drug resistance | [119] | |
| HOTAIR | Up | E-cadherin, vimentin, MMP-9 | Increases migration, invasion | [192] | |
| GSEC | Up | DHX36 | Elevates migration | [193] | |
| FAM83H-AS1 | Up | TGF-β signaling | Elevates tumorigenesis | [194] | |
| HNF1A-AS1 | Up | miR-34a/p53 | Enhances proliferation, migration, invasion | [195] | |
| HULC | Up | miR-613, RTKN, vimentin, N-cadherin, E-cadherin | Elevates proliferation, migration, invasion | [196] | |
| FAL1 | Up | STAT3, TGF-β1, Bcl-2, p65, PCNA | Enhances proliferation, invasion, inhibits apoptosis | [197] | |
| DACOR1 | Down | Cystathionine β-synthase | Inhibits proliferation, increases DNA methylation | [198] | |
| CCAT1 | Up | c-Myc | Promotes proliferation, invasion, drug resistance | [199] | |
| CCAT2 | Up | miR-145, WNT | Enhances growth, metastasis | [199] | |
| CASC15 | Up | miR-4310, LGR5, Wnt/β-catenin | Promotes proliferation, migration, invasion | [200] | |
| CASC19 | Up | N/A | Increases migration | [201] | |
| ATB | Up | E-cadherin, ZO-1, ZEB1, N-cadherin | Enhances invasion, induces EMT | [202] | |
| PVT1 | Up | miR-26b, miR-30d-5p/RUNX2 | Elevates proliferation, migration, invasion | [203] | |
| ROR | Up | miR-145 | Enhances proliferation, migration, invasion | [204] | |
| TUG1 | Up | miR-26a-5p, MMP-14, VEGF, MAPK, Hsp27 | Promotes proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT, inhibits apoptosis | [205] | |
| UPAT | Up | UHRF1 | Elevates survival | [206] | |
| XIST | Up | miR-34a, Wnt, β-catenin cyclin D1, c-Myc, MMP-7 | Promotes proliferation | [207] | |
| ZEB1-AS1 | Up | miR-455-3p, PAK2 | Enhances proliferation, migration, invasion | [208] | |
| ZFAS1 | Up | ZEB1, E-cadherin, ZO-1, vimentin, N-cadherin | Increases proliferation, invasion, EMT, inhibits apoptosis, | [209] | |
| SNHG1 | Up | Wnt/β-catenin, c-Myc, cyclin D | Increases proliferation, invasion, migration, inhibits apoptosis | [210] | |
| SNHG7 | Up | miR-193b, K-ras/ERK/cyclinD1 | Increases proliferation, inhibits apoptosis | [211] | |
| SNHG15 | Up | Slug | Enhances proliferation, migration | [212] | |
| SNHG17 | Up | miR-375, CBX3 | Elevates proliferation, migration, invasion | [213] | |
| Linc01106 | Up | miR-449b-5p, Gli | Confers proliferation, migration, stemness | [214] | |
| Linc01234 | Up | miR-642a-5p, SHMT2 | Promotes proliferation | [215] | |
| Linc00657 | Down | CAPN7, PI3K/Akt | Inhibits proliferation, invasion, induces apoptosis | [216] | |
| Linc01578 | Up | NF-κB, YY1 | Enhances metastasis | [217] | |
| CYTOR | Up | β-catenin/TCF complex | Promotes migration, invasion, EMT | [218] | |
| BC200 | Up | STAT3, β-catenin | Increases proliferation, invasion, EMT, apoptosis inhibition, cell cycle regulation | [219] | |
| LincDUSP | Up | ATR, p53, E2F, c-Myc | Promotes proliferation, stem cells, modulates DNA damage response and cell cycle, inhibits apoptosis | [220] | |
| USP2-AS1 | Up | Phosph-YAP | Enhances proliferation, metastasis | [221] | |
| LINC00152 | Up | MAPK | LINC00152 suppression significantly reduces the expression of p-ERK-1/2, p-MEK1/2, and c-fos without involving the ERK-1/2 and MEK1/2 expressions. SA treatment changes the function of LINC00152 | [222] | |
| PICART1 | Down | MAPK | The upregulation of PICART1 reduces the pERK expression, whereas PICART1 silencing reverses the expression of p-ERK | [223] | |
| AOC4P | Up | MAPK | The suppression of AOC4P reduces the expression of ERK1, JNK, and p38 | [224] | |
| GC | linc00483 | Up | MAPK | The suppression of Linc00483 reduces the expression of c-Jun without affecting the p-Jnk, p53, and p-p38 expression | [225] |
| CRNDE | Up | PI3K/AKT | The repression of CRNDE significantly downregulates pPI3K and p-Akt expression | [226] | |
| LINC01559 | Up | PI3K/AKT | The suppression of LINC01559 reduces the expression of PGK1, p-PI3K, p-AKT, and mTOR. IGF-1 treatment (PI3K activator) significantly reverses the LINC01559 knockdown induced phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR | [227] | |
| PICART1 | Down | PI3K/AKT | The upregulation of PICART1 reduces p-AKT expression, whereas PICART1 inhibition increases p-AKT expression | [223] | |
| LINC01419 | UP | PI3K/AKT | The suppression of LINC01419 in GC cells reduces the expression of p-AKT1 and p-mTOR but does not affect their total levels | [228] | |
| LOC101928316 | Down | PI3K/AKT | LOC101928316 upregulation decreases the expression levels of PI3K, p-AKT, mTOR, and p-mTOR. However, the knockdown of LOC101928316 upregulates AKT3, mTOR, and p-mTOR expression and suppresses PTEN expression | [229] | |
| PCAT18 | Down | PI3K/AKT | PCAT18 inhibits the PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by sponging miR-107, leading to the inhibition of GC progression | [230] | |
| OGFRP1 | UP | PI3K/AKT | The silence of OGFRP1 downregulates the expression of p-AKT, leading to the suppression of cell-cycle progression and induction of apoptosis | [231] | |
| ADAMTS9-AS2 | Down | PI3K/AKT | The inhibition of ADAMTS9-AS2 increases the expression of p-PI3K and p-AKT. The administration of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 reverses the negative effect of ADAMTS9-AS2 | [232] | |
| FOXD1-AS1 | UP | PI3K/AKT | FOXD1-AS1 activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway via the upregulation of PIK3CA, leading to an aggravation of GC progression and chemoresistance | [233] | |
| TMPO-AS1 | UP | PI3K/AKT | The silence of TMPO-AS1 inhibits the PI3K/ AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by downregulating the expression of BRCC3 via releasing miR-126-5p | [234] | |
| XLOC_006753 | UP | PI3K/AKT | X LOC_006753 knockdown reduces the expression of PI3K, p-AKT (Thr308), p-AKT (Ser473), and p-mTOR (Ser2448), causing to the enhance of MDR | [235] | |
| MIR4435-2HG | UP | Wnt/ β-catenin | The suppression of MIR4435-2HG reduces β-catenin expression in GC xenografts and inhibits the trans-activating activity of β-catenin | [236] | |
| GASL1 | DOWN | Wnt/ β-catenin | The upregulation of GASL1 reduces β-catenin expression in GC cells, while GASL1 knockdown increases β-catenin expression. The administration of a Wnt agonist reduces the negative function of GASL1 on GC cell | [237] | |
| LINC01314 | DOWN | Wnt/ β-catenin | The overexpression of LINC01314 downregulates the expression of Wnt-1, β -catenin, cyclin D1, and N-cadherin, while it upregulates E-cadherin expression | [238] | |
| FAM83H-AS1 | UP | Wnt/ β-catenin | Silencing FAM83H-AS1 decreases the expression of β-catenin | [239] | |
| ZEB2-AS1 | UP | Wnt/ β-catenin | ZEB2-AS1 activates the Wnt/ β-catenin signaling pathway by upregulating ZEB2 expression in GC cell | [240] | |
| LINC00665 | UP | Wnt/ β-catenin | LINC00665 knockdown decreases the expression of β-catenin and cyclin D1 in GC cells, whereas it increases GSK-3b expression | [241] | |
| TOB1-AS1 | DOWN | Wnt/ β-catenin | The knockdown of TOB1-AS1 increases the expression of β-catenin, c-Myc, cyclin D1, and N-cadherin | [241] | |
| lincRNA-p21 | DOWN | Wnt/ β-catenin | The upregulation of lincRNA-p21 reduces the expression of β-catenin and c-Myc | [242] | |
| GATA6-AS1 | DOWN | Wnt/ β-catenin | The upregulation of GATA6-AS1 downregulates β-catenin levels and decreases intranuclear β -catenin expression. In GATA6-AS1-silencedGC cells treated with LiCl, β-catenin expression is upregulated | [243] | |
| HCG11 | UP | Wnt/ β-catenin | The suppression of HCG11 inhibits the proliferation of GC cells by inhibiting the activity of the Wnt signaling pathway. The administration of LiCl the effect of HCG11 silence on the proliferation | [244] | |
| LINC01133 | DOWN | Wnt/ β-catenin | LINC01133 suppresses the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin in GC cells by sponging miR-106a-3p and promoting APC expression | [245] | |
| LINC01503 | UP | Wnt/ β-catenin | Silencing LINC01503 in GC cells reduces the expression of β-catenin, cyclin D1, and c-Myc, whereas LINC01503 upregulation reverses their expression | [246] | |
| LINC01225 | UP | Wnt/ β-catenin | LINC01225 knockdown reduces the expression ofWnt1and β-catenin in GC cells, whereas it does not affect the expression or Ser9 phosphorylation of GSK-3b | [247] | |
| BANCR | UP | NF-kB | BANCR silence decreases the expression of NFkB1 (P50/105) and inhibits the activity of NF-kB1 30 UTR | [248] | |
| LINC01410 | N/A | NF-kB | The upregulation of LINC01410 enhances the nuclear signals of NF-kBp65 and the expression of p-IKK-b, p-IkBa, and c-FLIP in GC cells, whereas LINC01410 reverses their expression | [249] | |
| KRT19P3 | DOWN | NF-kB | KRT19P3 inactivates the NF-kB signaling pathway by promoting the degradation of IkBa induced by COPS7A suppression | [250] | |
| ANRIL | N/A | NF-kB | The inhibition of ANRIL in GC cells reduces the proteinlevelsofp65in the nucleus and the mRNA levels of NF-kB target genes | [251] | |
| ASB16-AS1 | UP | NF-kB | ASB16-AS1 activates the NF-kB signaling pathway by upregulating TRIM37 expression | [252] | |
| NALT1 | UP | NOTCH | NALT1 suppression reduces the expression of NOTCH1, NICD, and the downstream target genes of the notch signaling pathway, consisting of HES1 and HES5 | [253] | |
| MIR22HG | DOWN | NOTCH | The suppression of MIR22HG enhances the expression of HEY1 and nucleus NOTCH2 | [254] | |
| EGOT | UP | Hedgehog | The inhibition of EGOT reduces the expression of Shh, SUFU, and Gli1 at both the transcription and protein levels | [255] | |
| HOXD-AS1 | UP | STAT3 | The suppression HOXD-AS1 downregulates the expression of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 | [256] | |
| SNHG16 | UP | STAT3 | The knockdown of SNHG16 in GC cells reduces the expression of JAK2 and p-STAT3 by sponging miR-135a | [257] | |
| NEAT1 | UP | STAT3 | Silencing NEAT1 decreases STAT3 expression by sponging miR-506 | [258] | |
| PVT1 | UP | STAT3 | PVT1 upregulation enhances the accumulation of p-STAT3 in the nucleus by inhibiting its ubiquitin-dependent degradation and increases the transcriptional activity of STAT3 | [259] | |
| CTC-497E21.4 | UP | RhoA | The suppression of CTC-497E21.4 regulates the expression of total and active RhoA, CDC42, and Rac1 in GC cells | [260] | |
| NORAD | UP | RhoA | Silencing NORAD in GC cells decreases the expression of RhoA and ROCK1 | [261] | |
| HOTAIR | UP | RhoA | The upregulation of HOTAIR increases the expression of CXCR4, RhoGEF, PI3K, ROCK, PAK, and PKN | (262) | |
| UP | STAT3 | Silencing HOTAIR reduces the expression of STAT3 and cyclin D1 |