Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Dec 26;204(1):133–146. doi: 10.1007/s00442-023-05493-9

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 3 — Effects of climate change and earthworms on carbon content, nitrogen content, and C:N ratio in July of above- and belowground grass communities (mean + SD, N = 5) and winter wheat (mean + SD, N = 20). Since there were no significant effects of earthworm treatment on C:N ratios in winter wheat and belowground grass communities, the corresponding earthworm treatments are pooled and not shown. Green values are the differences observed between treatments with the presence and absence of earthworms. Purple values are the differences observed between future and ambient climate treatments. Different lowercase letters denote significant (P < 0.05) differences among earthworm treatments (Control: no earthworm, + Lte: only with Lumbricus terrestris, + Acl: only with Allolobophora chlorotica, + LA: mixed Lumbricus terrestris and Allolobophora chlorotica) based on post-hoc Tukey’s HSD tests. Asterisks and (*) denote significant (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001) and marginal (P < 0.10) differences between climate scenarios based on post-hoc Tukey’s HSD tests, respectively