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. 2023 Dec 26;204(1):133–146. doi: 10.1007/s00442-023-05493-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Effects of climate change and earthworms on aboveground plant carbon content, nitrogen content, and C:N ratios of four grass species (Fes: Festulolium, Lol: Lolium perenne, Dac: Dactylis glomerata, Poa: Poa pratense) in July (mean + SD, N = 5). Asterisks and (*) denote significant (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001) and marginal (P < 0.10) differences between climate scenarios based on post-hoc Tukey’s HSD tests, respectively. Different lowercase letters denote significant (P < 0.05) differences among earthworm treatments (Control: no earthworm, + Lte: only with Lumbricus terrestris, + Acl: only with Allolobophora chlorotica, + LA: mixed Lumbricus terrestris and Allolobophora chlorotica) based on post-hoc Tukey’s HSD tests