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. 2024 Jan 31;12(1):e008233. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008233

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents are associated with decreased serum cytokine concentration after immunization in patients receiving antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents. (A) Serum cytokine concentration of patients receiving antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents (treatment) and participants not receiving these medications (control) relative to third (Vax 3) and fourth (Vax 4) COVID-19 immunization (Treatment prior to Vax 3 n=10, after Vax 3 n=70, after Vax 4 n=68; control prior to Vax 3 n=9, after Vax 3 n=28, after Vax 4 n=6). Within cytokine Z-score demonstrated from normalized Luminex Immunoassay. (B) Serum concentration (pg/mL, mean estimated by Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML)-mixed effect model, error bars represent SEM) of IL-4 of treatment and control participants. (p=0.01685 by ANOVA main interaction effect). (C) Serum concentration (pg/mL, estimated by REML-mixed effect model) of IL-6 of treatment and control participants. (p=0.03168 by ANOVA main interaction effect). (D) Serum concentration (pg/mL, estimated by REML-mixed effect model) of TNF-β of treatment and control participants (p=0.01839 by ANOVA main interaction effect). (E) Serum concentration (pg/mL, estimated by REML-mixed effect model) of IL-1β of treatment and control participants. (p=0.06627 by ANOVA main interaction effect, p=0.0245 ANOVA treatment effect). ANOVA, analysis of variance.